Hong Taiji was emperor of the Qing dynasty before the Qing started conquering China in 1644. Though he was the designer of Qing emperorship, he is considered the second Qing emperor because his father Nurhaci is retrospectively viewed as the Qing founder. Hong Taiji's reforms to government institutions, the imperial clan, and the Banner system were retained for generations.
Names and titles edit
Succession to the Later Jin throne edit
Military campaigns edit
Hong Taiji became khan seven months after Nurhaci had lost the Battle of Ningyuan where the besieged Ming forces, led by Yuan Chonghuan, had repelled the Manchus with cannon borrowed from Portuguese technicians from Macau. Both to recover from this defeat and to consolidate his position as khan, Hong Taiji negotiated with Yuan and the Ming.[1] But Hong Taiji's demands – formal apologies for the Seven Grievances, as well as a heavy tribute like the one the Song had paid to the Jurchen Jin starting in the 12th century – were too high for Yuan, whose position at court had been reinforced by the accession of the Chongzhen emperor, the death of the eunuch Wei Zhongxian, and the return to court of a literati faction that supported Yuan.
Institutional reforms edit
The Banner system edit
Government institutions edit
Hong Taiji's grand secretaries were of lower ranked than in the late Ming government, where they were the most influential officials at court. There were one Chinese and two Manchu grand secretaries, and they served as advisors to the sovereign.[2]
See Inner Three Courts.
The Six Ministries were managed by Manchu princes.[3]
The imperial clan edit
Ethnic policies edit
From Jurchen Later Jin to Manchu Qing edit
Relations with Mongols edit
Relations with Korea edit
Death and legacy edit
Notes edit
- ^ Wakeman 1985, pp. 83–86.
- ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 853.
- ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 854, note 16.
Works cited edit
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04804-0. In two volumes. See pages: 54n, 83–86, 128n, 129, 130 (Ningyuan raid), 142, 152, 158–202, 204 (ambivalence of ruling China), 206 (worries about sinification), 206n (and Dorgon), 208, 209 (perpetuation of tribal customs by), 209n, 209–210 (expansion of Machu control by), 215–224 (surrender of Hong Chengchou, negotiations with the Ming, belief that the Ming would fall), 221n (Dorgon), 224n, 297–298 (heirs), 302–303 (ambivalence about ruling China), 379, 578, 714n, 749, 838n, 848–851, 853–856, 885, 891, 897 (wife of), 1009, 1016, 1076n, 1106n (ministers of)
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