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The fountains of Barcelona, in Spain, are a group of various jets of water that are utilized for the public benefit, or as ornamental elements to preexisting fountains, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, or diverse architectural installation. They can vary from the simplest pipe of water or the traditional symmetrical fountain, to complex arrays of founts decorated with sculptures or other ornamental elements. These fountains, as well as the various sculptures across the city, constitute an excellent example of the public art of Barcelona, which has so defined the City Condal. Many of the city's fountains add to its functional character an ornamental facet that, like the rest of its municipal art, has varied over time according to the artistic tendencies of the times, and has left the Catalan capital a collection of works admired greatly both by the citizens and by visitors. In Barcelona there are some 1,800 public fountains, among which there are some 600 that produce drinkable water, and some 200 that are chiefly considered ornamental.[1]
In the past, the fountains were installed in squares or central places in the villages chiefly to furnish a supply of water for the population. Upon the establishment of a source for this basic need, the water source became a location of public gathering for social exchange. Thereafter, these places increasingly gained importance and ornamentation, eventually turning into the monuments that they are today.[2]
Bibliography edit
- . OCLC 807404829.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help).. OCLC 807404829.{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - . ISBN 84-412-1396-8.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help).. ISBN 84-412-1396-8.{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Añón Feliú, Carmen; Luengo, Mónica (2003). . ISBN 84-9785-006-8. OCLC 54385613.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos2=ignored (|last2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre2=ignored (|first2=suggested) (help) - Cesàreo, Pere (1986). . ISBN 84-86627-001. OCLC 807568891.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre=ignored (|first=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Fabre, Jaume; Huertas, Josep M.; Bohigas, Pere (1984). . ISBN 84-85905-21-0. OCLC 13700251.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos2=ignored (|last2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|apellidos3=ignored (|last3=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre2=ignored (|first2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre3=ignored (|first3=suggested) (help) - Gabancho, Patrícia (2000). . ISBN 84-7609-935-5. OCLC 46470659.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|enlaceautor=ignored (|author-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre=ignored (|first=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Grandas, M. Carmen (1988). . ISBN 84-85709-68-3. OCLC 802568755.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre=ignored (|first=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Lecea, Ignasi of; Fabre, Jaume; Grandas, Carme; Huertas, Josep M.; Remesar, Antoni; Sobrequés, Jaume (2009). . ISBN 978-84-96645-08-0. OCLC 500978936.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos2=ignored (|last2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|apellidos3=ignored (|last3=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|apellidos4=ignored (|last4=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|apellidos5=ignored (|last5=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|apellidos6=ignored (|last6=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre2=ignored (|first2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre3=ignored (|first3=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre4=ignored (|first4=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre5=ignored (|first5=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre6=ignored (|first6=suggested) (help) - Permanyer, Lluís (1994). . ISBN 84-8491-91-6.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help); Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|enlaceautor=ignored (|author-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|idioma=ignored (|language=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ignore-isbn-error=ignored (|isbn=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre=ignored (|first=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Roig, Josep L. (1995). . ISBN 84-8130-039-X. OCLC 36156682.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|nombre=ignored (|first=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - . OCLC 802474957.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|enlaceautor=ignored (|author-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) (1972). . OCLC 802474957.{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|enlaceautor=ignored (|author-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) . OCLC 802474957.{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos=ignored (|last=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|año=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editorial=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|enlaceautor=ignored (|author-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|título=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|ubicación=ignored (|location=suggested) (help) - Villoro, Joan; Riudor, Lluís (1984). . ISBN 84-7080-207-0. OCLC 803026293.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|apellidos2=ignored (|last2=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|nombre2=ignored (|first2=suggested) (help)