User:Inventorfrog/Language reference

This is the subpage where I'm keeping tables and excerpts for my own personal reference, copied from Wikipedia articles about the grammar of my target languages (mostly Portuguese, at the moment). If this somehow breaks a rule I wasn't aware of, please inform me rather than deleting it -- I spent a lot of time editing it!

Sources:

Portuguese

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Notes

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  1. The Portuguese conditional is sometimes replaced with a periphrasis or with the imperfect indicative in the spoken language. Some authors regard it as a mood of its own, others treat it as a tense of the indicative mood.
  2. The pluperfect indicative can also be expressed with an equivalent periphrasis.
  3. The future indicative is usually replaced with a periphrasis or the present indicative in the spoken language.
  4. In regular verbs, the future subjunctive and the personal infinitive are identical.
  5. See the section on the imperative, below.
  6. The present participle is not in common use today except for some adjectives or nouns that are typically replaced by the corresponding agent nouns ("-dor(a)", "-ista", etc.) or the standard gerund.
  7. The Portuguese conditional is sometimes replaced with a periphrasis or with the imperfect indicative in the spoken language. Some authors regard it as a mood of its own, others treat it as a tense of the indicative mood.


The tenses correspond to:

  • Present (presente): "I do" or "I am doing".
  • Preterite (pretérito, or pretérito perfeito): "I did" or "I have done".
  • Imperfect (imperfeito, or pretérito imperfeito): "I did", "I used to do", "I was doing".
  • Pluperfect (mais-que-perfeito, or pretérito mais-que-perfeito): "I had done".
  • Future (futuro, or futuro do presente in Brazilian Portuguese): "I will do", "I am going to do".
  • Conditional (condicional, or futuro do pretérito in Brazilian Portuguese): "I would do". Used in some types of conditional sentences, as a form of courtesy, or as a future-in-the-past.

The five non-finite forms generally correspond to:

  • (Impersonal) infinitive (infinitivo, or infinitivo impessoal): equivalent to English "to do".
  • Past participle (particípio, or particípio passado): equivalent to English "done".
  • Present participle (particípio presente): Uncommon in modern speech. Somewhat equivalent to English "doer", or used as an adjective relating to an ongoing action, or that action in general. For example, "falante" can mean "talking (+ noun)", "talkative" or "speaker". See notes above.
  • Gerund (gerúndio): equivalent to English "(is) doing". Used to actually show/describe ongoing action.
  • Personal infinitive (infinitivo pessoal): "(for me) to do", an infinitive which inflects according to its subject; a rare feature that Portuguese shares with Galician.

The moods are used roughly as follows:

  • Indicative (indicativo): for factual statements or positive beliefs. Example of an English equivalent: "I have done".
  • Subjunctive (subjuntivo, or conjuntivo): mostly used when speaking of unreal, uncertain, or unassumed conditions: "Were I to do".
  • Imperative (imperativo): for direct commands or requests; equivalent to the English "Do!"

Pronouns

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  • Pronouns are omitted whenever they can be inferred from the ending of the conjugated verb or the context.
  • object pronouns are clitics, which must come next to a verb, and are pronounced together with it as a unit. They may appear before the verb (proclisis, lhe dizer), after the verb, linked to it with a hyphen (enclisis, dizer-lhe), or, more rarely, within the verb, between its stem and its desinence (mesoclisis, dir-lhe-ei). In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, where proclisis is nearly universal, mesoclisis never occurs.
  • When a verb conjugated in the 1st person plural, ending in -s, is followed by the enclitic pronoun nos or vos, the s is dropped: Vamo-nos [vamos + nos] embora amanhã ("We are leaving tomorrow"), Respeitemo-nos [respeitemos + nos] mutuamente ("Let's respect each other"), Vemo-vos [vemos + vos] ("We see you"), etc.
  • The possessive pronouns are identical to possessive adjectives, except that they (which "they"???) must be preceded by the definite article (o meu, a minha, os meus, as minhas, etc.) For the possessive adjectives, the article is optional, and its use varies with dialect and degree of formality.
  • In Brazil, the weak clitic pronouns -o(s) and -a(s) are used almost exclusively in writing or in formal speech (e.g. TV newscasts). In colloquial speech, ele(s) and ela(s) replace the clitics as direct objects (e.g. Vi eles na praia ontem versus Vi-os na praia ontem; in English, "I saw them on the beach yesterday"). The standard written variants -lo(s) and -la(s) (used after an infinitive ending in r) are more frequent though in the speech of polite speakers, but seem to be losing ground as well. Note, however, that ele(s) or ela(s) are never used as direct objects in formal writing, such as newspaper articles, academic papers, or legal documents. The use of -lo, -la, etc. replacing "você" as direct object is restricted mostly to the written language (in particular, movie subtitles) although it occurs frequently in a few fixed expressions like Prazer em conhecê-lo ("Pleased to meet you") or Posso ajudá-lo? ("May I help you?").
  • In standard written BP, it is common to use lhe(s) as indirect object forms of ele(s)/ela(s) ("[to] him / her / it / them"), e.g. O presidente pediu que lhe dessem notícias da crise na Bolívia. In the colloquial language, 'lhe' in that context is frequently replaced by para ele, etc., although educated speakers might use lhe in speech as well.
  • The use of lhe and lhes as indirect object forms of você and vocês ("[to] you", plural and singular) is currently rare in General BP, where lhe is often replaced as noted above by te or, alternatively, by para você. On the other hand, lheísmo, i.e. the use of lhe not only as an indirect object, but also as a direct object, is frequent in Northeastern dialects.


Third person direct object clitic pronouns have several forms, depending on their position with relation to the verb and on the verb's ending. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a consonant, or if the pronoun is mesoclitic and the root of the verb ends with a consonant, then that consonant is elided, and an l is added to the beginning of the pronoun. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a nasal diphthong (spelled -ão, -am, -em, -ém, -êm, -õe, or -õem), an n is added to the beginning of the pronoun. The same happens after other clitic pronouns, and after the adverbial particle eis.

default after a consonant (-r, -s, -z) after a nasal diphthong (-m)
o lo no
a la na
os los nos
as las nas

The third person forms o, a, os, and as may present the variants lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, and nas:

  • The variants lo, la, los, and las are used after verbal forms ending with a consonant, which is elided. Examples: seduz + a = sedu-la, faz + o = fá-lo, diz + o = di-lo, destróis + os = destrói-los (different from destrói-os, in which the verb is conjugated in the imperative mood), comes + a = come-la (different from come-a = come + a), apanha-las (apanhas + as), amá-lo (amar +o), fazê-lo (fazer + o), partire-lo (partires +o), tem-la (tens + a—the n changes to m). Exceptionally, quer + o gives quere-o, rather than *qué-lo (qué-lo is still permitted, but uncommon).
    • This also occurs when the pronoun is in mesoclitic position: matá-lo-ás (matarás + o), fá-lo-ias (farias + o), feri-lo-ias (feririas + o), comê-lo-ias (comerias + o).
  • The variants no, na, nos and nas are used after a verbal form ending with a nasal diphthong. Examples: põe-no (põe + o), tem-na (tem + a), comeram-nos (ambiguous, can mean comeram + os "they ate them", or comeram + nos "they ate us").
  • The pronouns o, etc. present the same forms as above when they follow other clitic pronouns, such as nos and vos, or the adverbial particle eis. Examples: ei-lo aqui (eis + o), deram-no-lo (deram + nos + o), "Não vo-lo [vos + o] quero dar a entender."

The usual pattern in Romance languages is for clitics to precede the verb; e.g. Sp. Yo te amo, Fr. Je t'aime "I love you"; Fr. Tu m'avais dit "You had told me" (proclisis). The opposite order occurs only with the imperative: Sp. Dime, Fr. Dis-moi "Tell me" (enclisis). Spoken Brazilian Portuguese has taken more or less the same route, except that clitics usually appear between the auxiliary verb and the main verb in compound tenses, and proclisis is even more generalized: Eu te amo "I love you", but Me diz "Tell me", and Você tinha me dito "You had told me".

Still, in formal Portuguese the clitic pronouns always follow the verb in the infinitive (Brazilian too?).

CLITIC PLACEMENT IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE
Formal Colloquial Nonstandard English
Simple affirmative sentence Ele viu-nos hoje. Ele viu a gente hoje./Ele nos viu hoje. Ele viu nós hoje./Ele hoje viu nós. He saw us today.
Affirmative future tense Ele irá aprendê-lo na escola. Ele o aprenderá na escola. Isso aí ele vai aprender na escola./Ele vai aprender isso aí na escola. He will learn it in school.
Affirmative conditional tense Ele dar-me-ia o livro. Ele me daria o livro./Ele iria me dar o livro. Ele iria dar o livro pra mim/eu. He would give me the book.
Affirmative imperative Diga-me o que aconteceu. Me fala/fale/diz/diga o que aconteceu. Fala/diz pra mim o que aconteceu. Tell me what happened.
(1) Negative sentences Não a vi hoje. Não vi ela hoje. I did not see her today.
(2) Interrogative sentences Onde é que ele os comprou? (ex. os sapatos) Onde é que ele comprou eles? (ex. os sapatos) Where did he buy them (ex. those shoes)?
(3) Conjunctions/dependent clauses Quero que me digas a verdade. Quero que tu/você me digas/diga a verdade. Quero que tu fale/diga a verdade p'ra mim/eu. I want you to tell me the truth.
(4) Adverbs Ele sempre nos vê na igreja. Ele sempre vê a gente na igreja./Ele sempre nos vê na igreja. Ele vê nós na igreja sempre./Ele sempre vê nós na igreja. He always sees us at church.
(5) Indefinite pronouns Todos me dizem a verdade. Todo mundo me fala/diz a verdade. Todo mundo fala/diz a verdade p'ra mim/eu. Everyone tells me the truth.

Contractions with the preposition com

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The following prepositional pronouns contract with the preposition com.

pronoun contracted form
mim comigo
nós conosco
si consigo

Verbs

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The rest of this section contains Portuguese verb conjugation tables edited to include only features of Brazilian Portuguese.

Forms marked by an asterisk (*) are derived directly from the infinitive. The PLUPERFECT, FUTURE, CONDITIONAL, and PERSONAL INFINITIVE of a regular verb is always derived directly from its infinitive (except for the subjunctive pluperfect).

There are few irregular verbs in the conditional and future tenses (only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds – also haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. – for the subjunctive future imperfect). The indicative future imperfect, conditional, and subjunctive future imperfect are formed by adding to the infinitive of the verb the indicative present inflections of the auxiliary verb haver (dropping the h and av), the 2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the preterite, imperfect, and the personal infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority of verbs, the simple personal infinitive coincides with subjunctive future.

Regular verbs

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First conjugation (-ar)

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CANTAR
number person Indicative mood *Conditional[a]
Present Preterite Imperfect *Pluperfect[b] *Future[c]
singular 1st canto cantei cantava *cantara *cantarei *cantaria
3rd canta cantou cantava *cantara *cantará *cantaria
plural 1st cantamos cantamos cantávamos *cantáramos *cantaremos *cantaríamos
3rd cantam *cantaram cantavam *cantaram *cantarão *cantariam
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal
infinitive[d]
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect *Future[d]
singular 1st cante tenha cantado cantasse tivesse cantado *cantar *cantar
3rd cante tenha cantado cantasse tivesse cantado *cantar *cantar
plural 1st cantemos tenhamos cantado cantássemos tivéssemos cantado *cantarmos *cantarmos
3rd cantem tenham cantado cantassem tivessem cantado *cantarem *cantarem
Past participle cantado Imperative (3p. sing.) cante
Present participle[e] cantante Imperative (3p. plural) cantem
Gerund cantando Imperative (1p. plural) cantemos

Second conjugation (-er)

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COMER
number person Indicative mood *Conditional[a]
Present Preterite Imperfect *Pluperfect[b] *Future[c]
singular 1st como comi comia *comera *comerei *comeria
3rd come comeu comia *comera *comerá *comeria
plural 1st comemos comemos comíamos *comêramos *comeremos *comeríamos
3rd comem *comeram comiam *comeram *comerão *comeriam
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal
infinitive[d]
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect *Future[d]
singular 1st coma tenha comido comesse tivesse comido *comer *comer
3rd coma tenha comido comesse tivesse comido *comer *comer
plural 1st comamos tenhamos comido comêssemos tivéssemos comido *comermos *comermos
3rd comam tenham comido comessem tivessem comido *comerem *comerem
Past participle comido Imperative (3p. sing.) coma
Present participle[e] -- Imperative (3p. plural) comam
Gerund comendo Imperative (1p. plural) comamos

Third conjugation (-ir)

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PARTIR
number person Indicative mood *Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect *Pluperfect *Future
singular 1st parto parti partia *partira *partirei *partiria
3rd parte partiu partia *partira *partirá *partiria
plural 1st partimos partimos partíamos *partíramos *partiremos *partiríamos
3rd partem *partiram partiam *partiram *partirão *partiram
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal
infinitive
Present Preterite Imperfect *Pluperfect *Future
singular 1st parta tenha partido partisse tivesse partido *partir *partir
3rd parta tenha partido partisse tivesse partido *partir *partir
plural 1st partamos tenhamos partido partíssemos tivéssemos partido *partirmos *partirmos
3rd partam tenham partido partissem tivessem partido *partirem *partirem
Past participle partido Imperative (3p. sing.) parta
Present participle -- Imperative (3p. plural) partam
Gerund partindo Imperative (1p. plural) partamos

Quick reference table

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Person Indicative Subjunctive Future subj. or
personal infin.
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future Conditional Present Imperfect
eu -o
-o
-o
-ei
-i
-i
-ava
-ia
-ia
-ara
-era
-ira
-arei
-erei
-irei
-aria
-eria
-iria
-e
-a
-a
-asse
-esse
-isse
-ar
-er
-ir
ele/ela -a
-e
-e
-ou
-eu
-iu
-ava
-ia
-ia
-ara
-era
-ira
-ará
-erá
-irá
-aria
-eria
-iria
-e
-a
-a
-asse
-esse
-isse
-ar
-er
-ir
nós -amos
-emos
-imos
-amos
-emos
-imos
-ávamos
-íamos
-íamos
-áramos
-êramos
-íramos
-aremos
-eremos
-iremos
-aríamos
-eríamos
-iríamos
-emos
-amos
-amos
-ássemos
-êssemos
-íssemos
-armos
-ermos
-irmos
eles/elas -am
-em
-em
-aram
-eram
-iram
-avam
-iam
-iam
-aram
-eram
-iram
-arão
-erão
-irão
-ariam
-eriam
-iriam
-em
-am
-am
-assem
-essem
-issem
-arem
-erem
-irem
Non-finite forms
Infinitive Past participle Present participle Gerund
-ar
-er
-ir
-ado
-ido
-ido
-ante
-ente
-inte
-ando
-endo
-indo

Irregular verbs

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fazer

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FAZER
number person Indicative mood Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st faço fiz fazia fizera farei faria
3rd faz fez fazia fizera fará faria
plural 1st fazemos fizemos fazíamos fizéramos faremos faríamos
3rd fazem fizeram faziam fizeram farão fariam
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st faça tenha feito fizesse tivesse feito fizer *fazer
3rd faça tenha feito fizesse tivesse feito fizer *fazer
plural 1st façamos tenhamos feito fizéssemos tivéssemos feito fizermos *fazermos
3rd façam tenham feito fizessem tivessem feito fizerem *fazerem
Past participle feito Imperative (3p. sing.) faça
Present participle faciente Imperative (3p. plural) façam
Gerund fazendo Imperative (1p. plural) façamos
Tense Basic Progressive Perfect Perfect progressive
Present faço estou fazendo tenho feito tenho estado fazendo
Past fiz estava fazendo tinha feito tinha estado fazendo
Future farei estarei fazendo terei feito terei estado fazendo
TER
number person Indicative mood *Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect *Future
singular 1st tenho tive tinha tivera *terei *teria
3rd tem teve tinha tivera *terá *teria
plural 1st temos tivemos tínhamos tivéramos *teremos *teríamos
3rd m tiveram tinham tiveram *terão *teriam
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st tenha tenha tido tivesse tivesse tido tiver *ter
3rd tenha tenha tido tivesse tivesse tido tiver *ter
plural 1st tenhamos tenhamos tido tivéssemos tivéssemos tido tivermos *termos
3rd tenham tenham tido tivessem tivessem tido tiverem *terem
Past participle tido Imperative (3p. sing.) tenha
Present participle ? Imperative (3p. plural) tenham
Gerund tendo Imperative (1p. plural) tenhamos
SER
number person Indicative mood *Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect *Future
singular 1st sou fui era fora *serei *seria
3rd é foi era fora *será *seria
plural 1st somos fomos éramos fôramos *seremos *seríamos
3rd são foram eram foram *serão *seriam
number person Subjunctive mood *Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st seja tenha sido fosse tivesse sido for *ser
3rd seja tenha sido fosse tivesse sido for *ser
plural 1st sejamos tenhamos sido fôssemos tivéssemos sido formos *sermos
3rd sejam tenham sido fossem tivessem sido forem *serem
Past participle sido Imperative (3p. sing.) seja
Present participle ente (sente????? typo?) Imperative (3p. plural) sejam
Gerund sendo Imperative (1p. plural) sejamos

estar

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ESTAR
number person Indicative mood *Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect *Future
singular 1st estou estive estava estivera estarei estaria
3rd está esteve estava estivera estará estaria
plural 1st estamos estivemos estávamos estivéramos estaremos estaríamos
3rd estão estiveram estavam estiveram estarão estariam
number person Subjunctive mood Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st esteja tenha estado estivesse tivesse estado estiver estar
3rd esteja tenha estado estivesse tivesse estado estiver estar
plural 1st estejamos tenhamos estado estivéssemos tivéssemos estado estivermos estarmos
3rd estejam tenham estado estivessem tivessem estado estiverem estarem
Past participle estado Imperative (3p. sing.) ?
Present participle Imperative (3p. plural) ?
Gerund estando Imperative (1p. plural) ?

haver

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HAVER
number person Indicative mood Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st hei houve havia houvera haverei haveria
3rd houve havia houvera haverá haveria
plural 1st havemos houvemos havíamos houvéramos haveremos haveríamos
3rd hão houveram haviam houveram haverão haveriam
number person Subjunctive mood Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st haja tenha havido houvesse tivesse havido houver haver
3rd haja tenha havido houvesse tivesse havido houver haver
plural 1st hajamos tenhamos havido houvéssemos tivéssemos havido houvermos havermos
3rd hajam tenham havido houvessem tivessem havido houverem haverem
Past participle havido Imperative (3p. sing.) ?
Present participle -- Imperative (3p. plural) ?
Gerund havendo Imperative (1p. plural) ?

pôr

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(The verb pôr is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere) and is sometimes categorized as a second-conjugation verb, though it is highly irregular. Other verbs with infinitives ending in -or, such as depor, compor, and propor, are derivatives of pôr, and are conjugated in the same way.)

PÔR
number person Indicative mood Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st ponho pus punha pusera porei poria
3rd põe pôs punha pusera porá poria
plural 1st pomos pusemos púnhamos puséramos poremos poríamos
3rd põem puseram punham puseram porão poriam
number person Subjunctive mood Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st ? tenha X ? tivesse X ? ?
3rd ? tenha X ? tivesse X ? ?
plural 1st ? tenhamos X ? tivéssemos X ? ?
3rd ? tenham X ? tivessem X ? ???
Past participle posto Imperative (3p. sing.) ?
Present participle ? Imperative (3p. plural) ?
Gerund pondo Imperative (1p. plural) ?
BLANK TEMPLATE
number person Indicative mood Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st
3rd
plural 1st
3rd
number person Subjunctive mood Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st tenha X tivesse X
3rd tenha X tivesse X
plural 1st tenhamos X tivéssemos X
3rd tenham X tivessem X
Past participle Imperative (3p. sing.)
Present participle Imperative (3p. plural)
Gerund Imperative (1p. plural)

BLANK TEMPLATE

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BLANK TEMPLATE
number person Indicative mood Conditional
Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st
3rd
plural 1st
3rd
number person Subjunctive mood Personal

infinitive

Present Preterite Imperfect Pluperfect Future
singular 1st tenha X tivesse X
3rd tenha X tivesse X
plural 1st tenhamos X tivéssemos X
3rd tenham X tivessem X
Past participle Imperative (3p. sing.)
Present participle Imperative (3p. plural)
Gerund Imperative (1p. plural)

Pronounciation

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Pronunciation of present verb conjugations

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In the present tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into [a], [e/ɛ] (subjunctive or indicative 1st pers sing/infinitive), or [o/ɔ] (subjunctive or indicative 1st pers sing/infinitive) – depending on the vowel in question – in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized vowels (before closed syllables) stay unchanged, as well as the verbs with the diphthongs -ei, -eu, -oi, -ou; they always keep a closed-mid pronunciation; e.g. deixo /ej/ (deixar), endeuso /ew/ (endeusar), açoito /oj/ (açoitar), roubo /ow/ (roubar), etc. Alternation in stem-stressed forms is blocked when a nasal consonant (/m/, /n/ or /ɲ/) follows, in which case the higher alternant (i.e. /ɐ/, /e/ or /o/) is used in all forms. For example, in the verb comer, all of the forms como, comes, come, comem have /o/.

Example: Consider the conjugation of correr (analogous to comer, presented above) in the Indicative Present Simple. The first-person singular corro has [o] in the stressed vowel, while other forms corres, corre, correm have [ɔ].

In Brazil, the following difference applies: Stem-unstressed forms consistently have /o/ or /e/ for most speakers in most verbs, but there are exceptions, with some dialects (e.g. northeastern Brazilian dialects) likely to present an open form /ɔ/ or /ɛ/. At times, the difference is not particularly clear, producing [o̞], [e̞], particularly in transition zones like the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and the Brazilian Federal District, unless vowel harmony is involved (e.g. comove "move, touch (emotionally)" [kɔˈmɔvi]).

This also has repercussions in the imperative and present subjunctive, for their inflections are constructed from the indicative present simple and indicative present simple in the 1st singular person respectively.

Verbs pelar, amar and rendar

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number person Present
pelar
[pɨˈlaɾ]
[peˈlaʁ]
amar
[ɐˈmaɾ]
[aˈmaʁ]
rendar
ˈdaɾ]
ˈdaʁ]
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
singular 1st pelo
[ˈpɛlu]
[ˈpɛlʊ]
pele
[ˈpɛlɨ]
[ˈpɛlɪ]
N/A amo
ɐmu]
ɐ̃mʊ]
ame
ɐmɨ]
ɐ̃mɪ]
N/A rendo
[ˈʁdu]
[ˈʁdʊ]
rende
[ˈʁdɨ]
[ˈʁdᶾɪ]
N/A
2nd pelas
[ˈpɛlɐʃ]
[ˈpɛlɐs]
peles
[ˈpɛlɨʃ]
[ˈpɛlɪs]
pela
[ˈpɛlɐ]
amas
ɐmɐʃ]
ɐ̃mɐs]
ames
ɐmɨʃ]
ɐ̃mɪs]
ama
ɐmɐ]
ɐ̃mɐ]
rendas
[ˈʁdɐʃ]
[ˈʁdɐs]
rendes
[ˈʁdɨʃ]
[ˈʁdᶾɪs]
renda
[ˈʁdɐ]
3rd pela
[ˈpɛlɐ]
pele
[ˈpɛlɨ]
[ˈpɛlɪ]
ama
ɐmɐ]
ɐ̃mɐ]
ame
ɐmɨ]
ɐ̃mɪ]
renda
[ˈʁdɐ]
rende
[ˈʁdɨ]
[ˈʁdᶾɪ]
plural 1st pelamos
[pɨˈlɐmuʃ]
[peˈlɐ̃mʊs]
pelemos
[pɨˈlemuʃ]
[peˈlẽmʊs]
amamos
[ɐˈmɐmuʃ]
[aˈmɐ̃mʊs]
amemos
[ɐˈmemuʃ]
[aˈmẽmʊs]
rendamos
ˈdɐmuʃ]
ˈdɐ̃mʊs]
rendemos
ˈdemuʃ]
ˈdẽmʊs]
2nd pelais
[pɨˈlajʃ]
[peˈlajs]
peleis
[pɨˈlejʃ ~ pɨˈlɐjʃ]
[peˈlejs]
pelai
[pɨˈlaj]
[peˈlaj]
amais
[ɐˈmajʃ]
[aˈmajs]
ameis
[ɐˈmejʃ ~ ɐˈmɐjʃ]
[aˈmejs]
amai
[ɐˈmaj]
[aˈmaj]
rendais
ˈdajʃ]
ˈdajs]
rendeis
ˈdejʃ ~ ʁˈdɐjʃ]
ˈdejs]
rendai
ˈdaj]
3rd pelam
[ˈpɛlɐ̃w̃]
pelem
[ˈpɛlẽj̃ ~ ˈpɛlɐ̃j̃]
[ˈpɛlẽj̃]
amam
ɐmɐ̃w̃]
ɐ̃mɐ̃w̃]
amem
ɐmẽj̃ ~ ˈɐmɐ̃j̃]
ɐ̃mẽj̃]
rendam
[ˈʁdɐ̃w̃]
rendem
[ˈʁdẽj̃ ~ ˈʁdɐ̃j̃]
[ˈʁdẽj̃]

Verbs correr, temer and vender

edit
number person Present
correr
[kuˈʁeɾ]
[koˈʁeʁ]
temer
[tɨˈmeɾ]
[teˈmeʁ]
vender
[vˈdeɾ]
[vˈdeʁ]
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
singular 1st corro
[ˈkoʁu]
[ˈkoʁʊ]
corra
[ˈkoʁɐ]
N/A temo
[ˈtemu]
[ˈtmʊ]
tema
[ˈtemɐ]
[ˈtmɐ]
N/A vendo
[ˈvdu]
[ˈvdʊ]
venda
[ˈvdɐ]
N/A
2nd corres
[ˈkɔʁɨʃ]
[ˈkɔʁɪs]
corras
[ˈkoʁɐʃ]
[ˈkoʁɐs]
corre
[ˈkɔʁɨ]
[ˈkɔʁɪ]
temes
[ˈtemɨʃ]
[ˈtmɪs]
temas
[ˈtemɐʃ]
[ˈtmɐs]
teme
[ˈtemɨ]
[ˈtmɪ]
vendes
[ˈvdɨʃ]
[ˈvdᶾɪs]
vendas
[ˈvdɐʃ]
[ˈvdɐs]
vende
[ˈvdɨ]
[ˈvdɪ]
3rd corre
[ˈkɔʁɨ]
[ˈkɔʁɪ]
corra
[ˈkoʁɐ]
teme
[ˈtemɨ]
[ˈtmɪ]
tema
[ˈtemɐ]
[ˈtmɐ]
vende
[ˈvdɨ]
[ˈvdᶾɪ]
venda
[ˈvdɐ]
plural 1st corremos
[kuˈʁemuʃ]
[koˈʁẽmʊs]
corramos
[kuˈʁɐmuʃ]
[koˈʁɐ̃mʊs]
tememos
[tɨˈmemuʃ]
[teˈmẽmʊs]
temamos
[tɨˈmɐmuʃ]
[teˈmɐ̃mʊs]
vendemos
[vˈdemuʃ]
[vˈdẽmʊs]
vendamos
[vˈdɐmuʃ]
[vˈdɐ̃mʊs]
2nd correis
[kuˈʁejʃ ~ kuˈʁɐjʃ]
[koˈʁejs]
corrais
[kuˈʁajʃ]
[ˈkoˈʁajs]
correi
[kuˈʁej ~ kuˈʁɐj]
[koˈʁej]
temeis
[tɨˈmejʃ ~ tɨˈmɐjʃ]
[teˈmejs]
temais
[tɨˈmajʃ]
[teˈmajs]
temei
[tɨˈmej ~ tɨˈmɐj]
[teˈmej]
vendeis
[vˈdejʃ ~ vˈdɐjʃ]
[vˈdejs]
vendais
[vˈdajʃ]
[vˈdajs]
vendei
[vˈdej ~ vˈdɐj]
[vˈdej]
3rd correm
[ˈkɔʁẽj̃ ~ ˈkɔʁɐ̃j̃]
[ˈkɔʁẽj̃]
corram
[ˈkoʁɐ̃w̃]
temem
[ˈtemẽj̃ ~ ˈtemɐ̃j̃]
[ˈtmẽj̃]
temam
[ˈtemɐ̃w̃]
[ˈtmɐ̃w̃]
vendem
[ˈvdẽj̃ ~ ˈvdɐ̃j̃]
[ˈvdẽj̃]
vendam
[ˈvdɐ̃w̃]

Verbs dormir, banir and sentir

edit
number person Present
dormir
[duɾˈmiɾ]
[doʁˈmiʁ]
banir
[bɐˈniɾ]
[baˈniʁ]
sentir
[sˈtiɾ]
[sˈtᶴiʁ]
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
singular 1st durmo
[ˈduɾmu]
[ˈduʁmʊ]
durma
[ˈduɾmɐ]
[ˈduʁmɐ]
N/A bano
[ˈbɐnu]
[ˈbɐ̃nʊ]
bana
[ˈbɐnɐ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɐ]
N/A sinto
[ˈsĩtu]
[ˈsĩtʊ]
sinta
[ˈsĩtɐ]
N/A
2nd dormes
[ˈdɔɾmɨʃ]
[ˈdɔʁmɪs]
durmas
[ˈduɾmɐʃ]
[ˈduʁmɐs]
dorme
[ˈdɔɾmɨ]
[ˈdɔʁmɪ]
banes
[ˈbɐnɨʃ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɪs]
banas
[ˈbɐnɐʃ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɐs]
bane
[ˈbɐnɨ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɪ]
sentes
[ˈstɨʃ]
[ˈstᶴis]
sintas
[ˈsĩtɐʃ]
[ˈsĩtɐs]
sente
[ˈstɨ]
[ˈstᶴi]
3rd dorme
[ˈdɔɾmɨ]
[ˈdɔʁmɪ]
durma
[ˈduʁmɐ]
[ˈduʁmɐ]
bane
[ˈbɐnɨ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɪ]
bana
[ˈbɐnɐ]
[ˈbɐ̃nɐ]
sente
[ˈstɨ]
[ˈstᶴi]
sinta
[ˈsĩtɐ]
plural 1st dormimos
[duɾˈmimuʃ]
[doʁˈmĩmʊs ~ dʊʁˈmĩmʊs]
durmamos
[duɾˈmɐmuʃ]
[duʁˈmɐ̃mʊs]
banimos
[bɐˈnimuʃ]
[baˈnĩmʊs]
banamos
[bɐˈnɐmuʃ]
[baˈnɐ̃mʊs]
sentimos
[sˈtimuʃ]
[sˈtᶴĩmʊs]
sintamos
[sĩˈtɐmuʃ]
[sĩˈtɐ̃mʊs]
2nd dormis
[duɾˈmiʃ]
[doʁˈmis]
durmais
[duɾˈmajʃ]
[duʁˈmajs]
dormi
[duɾˈmi]
[doʁˈmi]
banis
[bɐˈniʃ]
[baˈnis]
banais
[bɐˈnajʃ]
[baˈnajs]
bani
[bɐˈni]
[baˈni]
sentis
[sˈtiʃ]
[sˈtᶴis]
sintais
[sĩˈtajʃ]
[sĩˈtajs]
senti
[sˈti]
[sˈtᶴi]
3rd dormem
[ˈdɔɾmẽj̃ ~ ˈdɔɾmɐ̃j̃]
[ˈdɔʁmẽj̃]
durmam
[ˈduɾmɐ̃w̃]
[ˈduʁmɐ̃w̃]
banem
[ˈbɐnẽj̃ ~ ˈbɐnɐ̃j̃]
[ˈbɐ̃nẽj̃]
banam
[ˈbɐnɐ̃w̃]
[ˈbɐ̃nɐ̃w̃]
sentem
[ˈstẽj̃ ~ ˈstɐ̃j̃]
[ˈstẽj̃]
sintam
[ˈsĩtɐ̃w̃]


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