| Red Sea scrolls | |
|---|---|
| Also known as | Papyrus Jarf |
| Date | c. 2600 BC, 27th regnal year of Khufu, 4th dynasty, Old Kingdom of Egypt |
| Place of origin | Wadi al-Jarf |
| Scribe(s) | Dedi |
| Author(s) |
|
| Script | Hieratic |
| Contents |
|
The Red Sea scrolls (or Papyrus Jarf) are a collection of papyri that document the deeds of a team of workers in the 27th regnal year of pharaoh Khufu, around 2600 BC.
The Diary of Merer is the best preserved of the logbooks, which records the transport of white limestone blocks from the Tura quarries to Giza by boat.
Contents edit
The team of around 160 workers under supervision of scribe Dedi was called The escorts of (the boat) "the uraeus of Khufu is its prow". It consisted of four phyles: The Big led by inspector Merer, and The Asian, The Prosperous and The Small, led by inspectors Mesou, Sekher and [Ny]kaounesout.
Other logbooks (E and F) and associated accounts (G to L and other fragments) are much more fragmentary and their contents have yet to be deciphered and/or published.
Scribe Dedi edit
Papyrus Jarf D: Work for the Residence and the Valley Temple (?) of Khufu[1]
Diary of Merer edit
The most intact papyri describe several months of work with the transportation of limestone from quarries Tura North and Tura South to Giza in the 27th year of the reign of pharaoh Khufu.[2][3] Though the diary does not specify where the stones were to be used or for what purpose, given the diary may date to what is widely considered the very end of Khufu's reign, Tallet believes they were most likely for cladding the outside of the Great Pyramid. About every ten days, two or three round trips were done, shipping perhaps 30 blocks of 2–3 tonnes each, amounting to 200 blocks per month.[4][5] About forty boatmen worked under him. The period covered in the papyri extends from July to November.[2]
The entries in the logbooks are all arranged along the same line. At the top there is a heading naming the month and the season. Under that there is a horizontal line listing the days of the months. Under the entries for the days, there are always two vertical columns describing what happened on these days (Section B II): [Day 1] The director of 6 Idjeru casts for Heliopolis in a transport boat to bring us food from Heliopolis while the elite is in Tura, Day 2 Inspector Merer spends the day with his troop hauling stones in Tura North; spending the night at Tura North.[6]
The diary also mentions the original name of the Great Pyramid: Akhet-Khufu, meaning "Horizon of Khufu".[7]
Papyrus Jarf C: Building a "double djadja" in the central Delta[1]
In addition to Merer, a few other people are mentioned in the fragments. The most important is Ankhhaf (half-brother of Pharaoh Khufu), known from other sources, who is believed to have been a prince and vizier under Khufu and/or Khafre.[8] In the papyri he is called a nobleman (Iry-pat) and overseer of Ra-shi-Khufu. The latter place was the harbour at Giza where Tallet believes the casing stones were transported.[9]
The Diary of Merer (also known as Papyrus Jarf) is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle ranking official with the title inspector (sHD). They are the oldest known papyri with text, dating to the 27th year of the reign of pharaoh Khufu during the 4th dynasty.[10] The text, written with (hieratic) hieroglyphs, mostly consists of lists of the daily activities of Merer and his crew. The best preserved sections (Papyrus Jarf A and B) document the transportation of white limestone blocks from the Tura quarries to Giza by boat.
Buried in front of man-made caves that served to store the boats at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea coast, the papyri were found and excavated in 2013 by a French mission under the direction of archaeologists Pierre Tallet of Paris-Sorbonne University and Gregory Marouard.[11][12][13][14] A popular account on the importance of this discovery was published by Pierre Tallet and Mark Lehner, calling the corpus "Red Sea scrolls".[15]
The Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass describes the Diary of Merer as "the greatest discovery in Egypt in the 21st century."[10] Parts of the papyri are exhibited at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.[16]
Contents edit
Papyrus Jarf A and B edit
The most intact papyri describe several months of work with the transportation of limestone from quarries Tura North and Tura South to Giza in the 27th year of the reign of pharaoh Khufu.[2][3] Though the diary does not specify where the stones were to be used or for what purpose, given the diary may date to what is widely considered the very end of Khufu's reign, Tallet believes they were most likely for cladding the outside of the Great Pyramid. About every ten days, two or three round trips were done, shipping perhaps 30 blocks of 2–3 tonnes each, amounting to 200 blocks per month.[17][18] About forty boatmen worked under him. The period covered in the papyri extends from July to November.[2]
The entries in the logbooks are all arranged along the same line. At the top there is a heading naming the month and the season. Under that there is a horizontal line listing the days of the months. Under the entries for the days, there are always two vertical columns describing what happened on these days (Section B II): [Day 1] The director of 6 Idjeru casts for Heliopolis in a transport boat to bring us food from Heliopolis while the elite is in Tura, Day 2 Inspector Merer spends the day with his troop hauling stones in Tura North; spending the night at Tura North.[6]
The diary also mentions the original name of the Great Pyramid: Akhet-Khufu, meaning "Horizon of Khufu".[19]
In addition to Merer, a few other people are mentioned in the fragments. The most important is Ankhhaf (half-brother of Pharaoh Khufu), known from other sources, who is believed to have been a prince and vizier under Khufu and/or Khafre.[20] In the papyri he is called a nobleman (Iry-pat) and overseer of Ra-shi-Khufu. The latter place was the harbour at Giza where Tallet believes the casing stones were transported.[9]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Prof. Pierre Tallet Keynote lecture: The papyrus of the pyramids’ builders
- ^ a b c d Tallet 2017, p. 160.
- ^ a b "World's Oldest Harbor Discovered in Egypt". LiveScience. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Lost Secrets of the Pyramid (TV documentary)". 2018.
- ^ "The Nature Of Things: Lost Secrets Of The Pyramid".
- ^ a b Tallet 2017, p. 150.
- ^ "How the Pyramids Were (and Were Not) Built - Part 2". Skeptoid. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Revealed: 4,500-year-old Papyrus that details the construction of the Great Pyramid". Ancient Code. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ a b Tallet 2017, p. 42, 52, 55, 63, 66.
- ^ a b "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "4,500-year-old harbor structures and papyrus texts unearthed in Egypt". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ "Story of the Pyramid builders revealed in 4500-yr-old papyri". CatchNews.com. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ "A 4,500 Year Old Papyrus Holds the Answer to How the Great Pyramid Was Built". interestingengineering.com. 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ "Revealed: 4,500-year-old Papyrus that details the construction of the Great Pyramid – Mysterious Earth". Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ Tallet, Pierre; Lehner, Mark (2021). The Red Sea scrolls: how ancient papyri reveal the secrets of the pyramids. London New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05211-2.
- ^ Stille, Alexander (2015). "The Power and the Glory". Smithsonian. 46 (6): 6.
- ^ "Lost Secrets of the Pyramid (TV documentary)". 2018.
- ^ "The Nature Of Things: Lost Secrets Of The Pyramid".
- ^ "How the Pyramids Were (and Were Not) Built - Part 2". Skeptoid. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Revealed: 4,500-year-old Papyrus that details the construction of the Great Pyramid". Ancient Code. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
Bibliography edit
- Tallet, Pierre (2017). Les Papyrus De La Mer Rouge: Le Journal De Merer (Papyrus Jarf A et B) [The Red Sea Papyri: The Diary of Merer] (PDF) (in French, English, and Arabic). Vol. 1. Translated by Clement, Colin; Lotfallah, Soheir. ISBN 9782724707069.
- Tallet, Pierre (2021). Les Papyrus De La Mer Rouge: Le Journal De Dedi Et Autres Fragments De Journaux De Bord (Papyrus Jarf C, D, E, F, Aa) [The Red Sea Papyri: The Diary of Dedi and other log fragments] (in French, English, and Arabic). Vol. 2. Translated by Clement, Colin; Lotfallah, Soheir. ISBN 2724707060.
{{Authority control}} [[Category:2013 archaeological discoveries]] [[Category:26th-century BC works]] [[Category:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]] [[Category:Papyri from ancient Egypt]] [[Category:Egyptian Museum]]