User:Gniw/Temporary Items

This space is a temporary holding area for my drafts for relatively drastic revisions to some articles.

Emigre magazine (partial rewrite)

Originally intended to be a journal for graphic design, Emigre also served as a medium for typographical experimentation and to showcase Emigre’s typefaces. Many issues of Emigre contain articles of design criticism or theoretical discussions about graphic design. Some issues do not contain any meaningful amount of editorial content, but the letters section may still contain critical or theoretical discussions.

The magazine has changed formats a few times: originally published quarterly in a large format with pages roughly in the US ledger size; its size was halved to roughly US letter size in issue 33; halving its size again, it was turned into a multimedia kit (booklet plus CD/DVD) starting with issue 60; and finally, it became a book, co-published by Princeton Architectural Press, in issue 64.

Changes in Emigre magazine’s format

Issue#	Frequency	Format	Page size (approx.)		Primary content	Notes
			mm	Inches
1–32	quarterly	magazine	285 × 425	11" × 17"
33–59			213 × 276	8.5" × 11"
60–61		multimedia	133 × 209	5.5" × 8.5"	music CD	Booklet contains 1–2 short articles
62					short film (DVD)
63					music CD
64	semi-annual	book			design criticism	ISBN 1-56898-409-X
65						ISBN 1-56898-433-2
66						ISBN 1-56898-437-5
67						ISBN 1-56898-467-7
68						ISBN 1-56898-486-3
69						ISBN 1-56898-592-4

Hong Kong English (partial rewrite)

Accent of spoken English

Main article: phonemic differentiation.

The accent of Hong Kong English speakers is influenced by the phonetics of Cantonese in various degrees depending on the fluency of the speaker. It is also influenced by English English. The influences from Cantonese can generally be categorized as

• lack of non-nasal voiced consonants in Cantonese,
• lack of various other sounds in Cantonese,
• structure of the Cantonese syllable, and
• the current phonological drift in spoken Cantonese in Hong Kong.

Influences from English English

• Like English English, Hong Kong English is also non-rhotic, which means 'r' is not pronounced except before a vowel.
• 'wh' read as 'w', as in English English.
• 'r' sound is often even entirely omitted, such as "course" becomes "caughts" or "calls"; the worst speakers may even say "causy" with the "sy" sound over-emphasized.

Lack of non-nasal voiced consonants

Influences from the lack of non-nasal voiced consonants often causes the following pronunciation errors:

Lack of various other sounds

• beginning 'r' read as 'w' sound. (the word 'read' is a good example.)
• 'r' in other positions may be read as 'w' or 'l' . (eg. 'error' as E-WA, the famous 'flied lice' and 'frame', respectively.)
• 'r' and 'l' in positions other than the beginning are also often confused. (Breakfast becomes BLEG-FUSS for some, 'bleach' and 'breach' both become 'beach')
• beginning 'v' read as 'w' sound. (eg. 'Vector' and 'Aston Villa')
• other 'v' becomes 'w' or 'f' mostly with a consensus yet no obvious pattern. (eg. 'f' in 'favour', second 'v' in 'Volvo' and either 'f' or 'w' in 'develop' depending on the speaker.)
• Merging of certain 'a' and 'e' sounds, which becomes the schwa sound most of the time. eg. 'bad' and 'bed', 'mass' and 'mess'.

Influences from the structure of the Cantonese syllable

• producing the 'w', 'h' or 'l' sounds in words like Greenwich, Bonham, Beckham, Salisbury. This is reflected in the transliteration of the words, for example, Beckham is transliterated as 碧咸.
• some letters are spoken with phonemes used in Cantonese, such as 'e' as 'YEE', 'f' becomes 'E-fu', 'h' becomes 'IG-chyu', 'l' becomes 'E-lo', 'q' becomes 'KIW', 'r' becomes 'AA-lo', 'w' becomes 'DUB-bee-you', 'x' becomes 'IG-si', 'z' becomes 'yee-ZED'.
• Differences or omission in ending sounds. (as the ending consonants are always voiceless and unreleased (glotallized) in Cantonese with the exception of 'm', 'n' and 'ng', similar to Basel German)
• Omission of entire syllables in longer words. ('Difference' become DIFF-ENS, 'temperature' becomes TEM-PI-CHUR.)

Influences from the current phonological drift in spoken Cantonese in Hong Kong

• beginning 'n' and 'l' often confused (these two sounds are becoming allophones for younger speakers of Cantonese)

• beginning 'j' and soft 'g' read as 'dz' (e.g., Gigi pronounced as "zhi-zhi").
• ending 'ge' read as 'ch'.
• 'th' read as 'd' (as in them) or 'f' (as in thick) sound. ('th' sound is not used in Cantonese)
• ending 'l' (IPA: [ɫ]) often pronounced as 'w', as in Polish. This [w] is sometimes strengthened and becomes like /o/ (e.g., sale becomes SAY-o)
• ending 't' pronounced as 'ts' (i.e. German 'z')
• Exaggeration of ending 'd' sound of past-tense form of verbs.
• multi-syllable words might sometimes be wrongly stressed, since Chinese is tonal and largely monosyllabic.
• producing the "ces" sound in Leicester or Gloucester.
• The same is true for some for 'g' becoming 'DZEE', 'j' becoming 'DZAY' and 'v' becoming 'WEE'. (The reasons were mentioned above.)
• Merging or interchangeability of 's' and 'z' sound.
• Difficulties in pronouncing certain syllables: 'salesman' become 'sellsman', 'round' becomes 'WAANG'. (Without the ending consonant pronounced and occasionally with an ending 'd'.)
• Replacement of the contrast of voiceless / voiced consonants with aspirated / unaspirated if there is any contrast exists in Cantonese. [p] becomes [pʰ] and [b] becomes [p]; [t] becomes [tʰ] and [d] becomes [t]; [k] becomes [kʰ] and [g] becomes [k].
• Merging voiceless / voiced consonants into voiceless if no contrast in aspirated / unaspirated in Cantonese. Both [f] and [v] become [f]; both [z] and [s] become [s]; both [tʃ] and [dʒ] become [tʃ] ; both [ʃ] and [ʒ] become [ʃ]; both [θ] and [ð] become [θ] ( difficulty in pronouncing [θ] too).

Archaisms

• The letter “z” is generally pronounced as [jiˈsɛt̚], a corrupted version (due to various of the above-mentioned reasons) of a very archaic pronunciation /ɪˈzæd/; the correct pronunciations, /zɛd/ and /zi:/, are sometimes not understood

Such accents as mentioned above is especially significant in engineering field, that when people tried to talk with local technical supports, or listening to local lectures in Computing, they always have to tolerate with people speaking these sorts of "accents".

Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanization (new section)

Pronunciation in English

In Hong Kong, the pronunciation of words romanized under this system is somewhat anglicized, but does not correspond to normal English pronunciations. In other English-speaking areas, for example Canada, many of these romanized words are frequently mispronounced because they do not actually follow English phonetics.

Consonants

Initials

Romanisation	Corresponding Cantonese sound (Jyutping)	Pronunciation in English (IPA)		Example
		Officially	Incorrectly (per English)
p	p	/p/ — ([pʰ])	—	Sai Ying Pun
p	b	/p/ — usually [pʰ]	—	Po Lam
t	t	/t/ — tʰ	—	Tuen Mun
t	d	/t/ — usually [tʰ]	Tai O
kʰ	k	k	Kai Tak
k	g	k	Tai Kok Tsui
kʰw	kw	kw	Kwai Chung
kw	gw	kw	Kwun Tong
m	m	m	Yau Ma Tei
n	n	n	Nam Cheong
ŋ	ng	ng	Ngau Tau Kok
l	l	l	Lam Tin
f	f	f	Fo Tan
s	s	s	So Kon Po
		sh	Shau Kei Wan
h	h	h	Heng Fa Chuen	杏花邨
j	j	y	Yau Tong	油塘
w	w	w	Wong Tai Sin	黃大仙
tsʰ	c	ch	Heng Fa Chuen	杏花邨
		ts	Yau Yat Tsuen	又一村
ts	z	ch	Chung On Estate	頌安邨
		ts	Tai Kok Tsui	大角嘴

Finals

IPA	Jyutping	Romanisation	Example	in Chinese
-p	-p	-p	Ap Lei Chau	鴨脷洲
-t	-t	-t	Yau Yat Tsuen	又一村
-k	-k	-k	Shek O	石澳
-m	-m	-m	Sham Shui Po	深水埗
-n	-n	-n	Kwun Tong	觀塘
-ŋ	-ng	-ng	Kwun Tong	觀塘

Vowels, diphthongs, and syllabic consonants

IPA	Jyutping	Romanisation	Example	in Chinese
ɑ	aa	a	Yau Ma Tei	油麻地
		ah	Wah Fu Estate	華富邨
ɐ	a	a	Tsz Wan Shan	慈雲山
		o	Hung Hom	紅磡
		u	Sham Chun River	深圳河
ɛ/e	e	e	Che Kung Miu	車公廟
ɪ/i	i	i	Tsing Yi	青衣
		ze	Sheung Sze Wan	相思灣
		z	Tsz Wan Shan	慈雲山
		ee	Tat Chee Avenue	達之路
ɔ	o	o	Wo Che	禾輋
ʊ/u	u	u	Kwun Tong	觀塘
		oo	Mei Foo	美孚
œ	eo	eu	Sheung Wan	上環
		eo	Nam Cheong	南昌
	oe	u	Shun Lee Estate	順利邨
y	yu	u	Yu Chau Street	汝州街
		ue	Yung Shue Wan	榕樹灣
ɑɪ	aai	ai	Chai Wan	柴灣
ɐɪ	ai	ai	Mai Po	米埔
ɑʊ/ɑu	aau	au	Shau Kei Wan	筲箕灣
ɐʊ/ɐu	au	au	Sau Mau Ping	秀茂坪
eɪ	ei	ei	Lei King Wan	鯉景灣
		ee	Lee On	利安
		ay	Kam Hay Court	錦禧苑
		ai	Shui Hau Sai Ngan Ma	水口四眼馬
ɪʊ	iu	iu	Yiu Tung Estate	耀東邨
ɔɪ	oi	oi	Choi Hung Estate	彩虹邨
		oy	Choy Yee Bridge	蔡意橋
ʊɪ/uɪ	ui	ui	Pui O	貝澳
œy	eoi	ui	Sham Shui Po	深水埗
oʊ	ou	o	Tai Mo Shan	大帽山
	u	u	Tung Chung	東涌
m	m	m	m koi *	唔該
ŋ	ng	ng	Ng Tung River	梧桐河