Catha (Etruscan: 𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂, romanized: Catha, also written 𐌈𐌀𐌂, Cath, 𐌀𐌈𐌖𐌀𐌂, Cautha, or 𐌀𐌈𐌅𐌀𐌊, Kavtha) is a female Etruscan lunar or solar deity, who may also be connected to childbirth, and has a connection to the underworld.[1][2] Catha is also the goddess of the south sanctuary at Pyrgi, Italy.[1]
She is known as Leucothea in ancient Greek. She is often seen with the Etruscan god Śuri with whom she shares a cult.[3] Catha is also frequently paired with the Etruscan god Fufluns, who is the counterpart to the Greek god Dionysus, and Pacha, the counterpart to the Roman god Bacchus.[4] Additionally, at Pyrgi, Catha is linked with the god Aplu, the counterpart to the Greek god Apollo.[5] Aplu may have even taken some of the characteristics of Catha when he was brought into the Etruscan religion.[5] Giovanni Colonna has suggested that Catha is linked to the Greek Persephone since he links Catha's consort, Śuri, to Dis Pater in Roman mythology.[6]
Inscriptions edit
The bulk of information regarding Catha comes mostly from inscriptions on Etruscan artifacts. One example that shows the importance of Catha at Pyrgi is the discovery of gold earrings dating from 530 to 520 BCE which were dedicated to Catha.[7] The Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas from the third century BCE from Tarquinia has an epitaph stating that the deceased individual was a priest of Catha amongst many other titles.[8] Catha is named on the Piacenza Liver on the right lobe where the gods of the lights and heavens are listed.[9] This suggests that Catha was a cult deity. On some inscriptions, Catha is simply referred to as "daughter", and in Martianus Capella she is referred to as "the Daughter of the Sun".[10] She has also been called the "Eye of the Sun".[11] This evidence, along with her placement on the Piacenza Liver over Usil, suggests that she may be the counterpart to the Roman Solis Filia; however Solis Filia does not have the underworld connection that Catha does.[12] Catha's underworld connections can be best seen on an Attic skyphos from a necropolis in San Cerbone dating to the 5th century BCE with an inscription stating it is dedicated to Catha.[13]
Images edit
Although there are no known labeled images of Catha, Nancy de Grummond has argued that there are a number of depictions of Catha in art. She has stated that there are several kraters that show a deity that could be identified as Catha.[14] One example that she cites is a krater from Asciano from 350-300 BCE that shows a deity beside two horses instead of four; a sign that they are there to take the dead to the afterlife, and this coupled with the other imagery on the krater suggests that this has an underworld aspect which Catha is associated with.[14] Another potential image of Catha is a figure on an antefix on the twenty-celled building on Pyrgi who is again depicted with two horses.[15] This claim is supported by the fact that this antefix is paired with another antefix that depicts a solar divinity who is likely Śuri, the consort of Catha.[16] A terracotta head discovered at Pyrgi from the fourth century BCE could also potentially a representation of Catha since she was a highly important goddess in the city.[17]
Debates edit
Nancy de Grummond has also argued that Catha could be a lunar divinity as opposed to a solar divinity. She points out that just because Catha is called the "Daughter of the Sun" does not necessarily mean that she is a solar goddess because Selene, the moon goddess in Greek mythology, is sometimes referred to as the daughter of the Sun as well.[11] Some kraters that potentially illustrate Catha show the deity as having an ambiguous gender which is consistent with Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythologies.[18] Luna and Selene of Roman and Greek mythology, respectively, are shown driving two-horse chariots often in art.[18] De Grummond has also suggested that since Śuri is a solar god and his consort is Catha, it would make logical sense for his partner to be lunar as opposed to another solar divinity.[19]
Notes and references edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ a b Haynes 2000, p. 183.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, p. 419.
- ^ Simon 2006, p. 7.
- ^ Bonfante 2006, p. 13, 19.
- ^ a b Jannot 2005, p. 146.
- ^ De Grummond 2004, p. 359.
- ^ Colonna 2006, p. 148-149.
- ^ Bonfante 2006, p. 13.
- ^ Bonfante 2006, p. 11.
- ^ Simon 2006, p. 57.
- ^ a b De Grummond 2008, p. 422.
- ^ De Grummond 2004, p. 361.
- ^ De Grummond 2004, p. 360.
- ^ a b De Grummond 2008, p. 422-423.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, p. 423-425.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, p. 424-425.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, p. 427.
- ^ a b De Grummond 2008, p. 423.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, p. 422, 425.
Bibliography edit
- Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (2016). "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties". In Bellelli, Vincenzo; Xella, Paolo (eds.). Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Vol. I–X. Verona. p. 155 – via Academia.edu.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002) [1983]. The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (2 ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719055409.
- Bonfante, Larissa; Swaddling, Judith (2006). Etruscan Myths. The Legendary Past (77). British Museum/University of Texas. ISBN 9780714122380.
- Bonnefoy, Yves, ed. (1992) [1991]. Roman and European Mythologies. Translated by Doniger, Wendy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30, 36. ISBN 9780226064550.
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992a). "Pre-Roman Italy". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 30. Harvc error: no target: CITEREFBonnefoy1992 (help)
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992b). "Etruscan Religion". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 36. Harvc error: no target: CITEREFBonnefoy1992 (help)
- Bouke van der Meer, Lammert (2013). "Lead Plaque of Magliano". Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Quaderni di Acme (134). Milan. pp. 323–341 (335) – via Academia.edu.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Briquel, Dominique (1997). Chrétiens et haruspices: La religion étrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain (in French). ISBN 9782728802326.
- Capella, Martianus (1836) [Carthage, c. 420]. De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (in Latin). Vol. II. Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp. 164.
- Classical Association (1918). Postgate, John Percival; Arnold, Edward Vernon; Hall, Frederick William (eds.). Classical Quarterly. Translated by Postgate, John Percival. Clarendon Press. p. 107.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2001). "Divinazione e culto di Rath/Apollo a Caere (a proposito del santuario in loc. S. Antonio)". Archeologia Classica (in Italian). LII (2). L'Erma di Bretschneider: 151–173. doi:10.1400/258393.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2009). "L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il «Nero») e l'Apollo Sourios". Studi Etruschi (in Italian). LXXIII: 101–134. ISSN 0391-7762.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed. (2000) [1984]. "Apulu/Aplu". Etruschi: una nuova immagine (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9788809017924.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed. (1985). "Aplu". Dizionario illustrato della civiltà Etrusca (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-88-09-21728-7.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2004). "For the Mother and for the Daughter: Some Thoughts on Dedications from Etruria and Praeneste". Hesperia Supplements. 33. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 351–370. ISBN 9780876615331. JSTOR 1354077.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006). Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 9781931707862.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson; Simon, Erika, eds. (2006). The Religion of the Etruscans. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292782334.
- Bonfante, Larissa. "Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion". In De Grummond & Simon (2006). Harvc error: no target: CITEREFDe_GrummondSimon2006 (help)
- Colonna, Giovanni. "Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans". In De Grummond & Simon (2006). Harvc error: no target: CITEREFDe_GrummondSimon2006 (help)
- Krauskopf, Ingrid. "The Grave and Beyond". In De Grummond & Simon (2006), p. vii, pp. 73–75. Harvc error: no target: CITEREFDe_GrummondSimon2006 (help)
- Simon, Erika. "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon". In De Grummond & Simon (2006). Harvc error: no target: CITEREFDe_GrummondSimon2006 (help)
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2008). "Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?". American Journal of Archaeology. 112 (3): 419–428. doi:10.3764/aja.112.3.419. S2CID 193046316 – via University of Chicago Press.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2016-11-01). "Thunder versus Lightning in Etruria". Etruscan Studies. 19 (2): 183–207. doi:10.1515/etst-2016-0011.
- De Simone, Carlo (2012). "Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce". Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (in Italian) (32–33).
- Di Fazio, Massimiliano (2013). "Gli Hirpi del Soratte". In Cifani, Gabriele (ed.). Tra Roma e l’Etruria. Cultura, identità e territorio dei Falisci (in Italian). Edizioni Quasar. pp. 231–264. ISBN 978-88-7140-519-3 – via Academia.edu.
- Di Silvio, Paola (2014-11-18). "Suri: L'Apollo Nero Degli Etruschi". EreticaMente (in Italian).
- Elliott, John (1995-01-01). "The Etruscan Wolfman in Myth and Ritual". Etruscan Studies. 2 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1515/etst.1995.2.1.17. S2CID 194102662.
- Haynes, Sybille (2000). Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366002.
- Jannot, Jean-René (2005). Religion in Ancient Etruria. Translated by Whitehead, J.K. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299208448.
- Kenney, Edward John; Clausen, Wendell Vernon (1983). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521273732.
- Lecce, Vittoria. "Novembre e il dio Suri - Il Nero Signore" (in Italian). Museo Nazionale Etrusco.
- Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Vol. I–VIII. Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 1981–1999. ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- Lübker, Friedrich (1855). Real Lexicon of Classical Antiquity (in German and Russian). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner Verlag. pp. 1303-1304:
Sorānus
- Maras, Daniele F. (2010). "Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi". Archeo (in Italian). No. 305. Archived from the original on 2014-12-10.
- Moore, Daniel (2018). "The Etruscan Goddess Catha". Etruscan Studies. 21 (1–2): 58–77. doi:10.1515/etst-2017-0030. S2CID 188353013.
- Nonoss (2015). "Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham..." Au Fil du Temps (in French). Retrieved 2016-03-25.
- Obnorsky, Nikolai Petrovich (1900). "Соран, прозвище Аполлона". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. XXXa. Saint Petersburg: Brockhaus–Efron. p. 895.
- Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia. Vol. VII. 2 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Rissanen, Mika (2013) [2012]. "The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy". Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica. 46. Helsinki: Klassillis-filologinen yhdistys. ISSN 0570-734X – via Academia.edu.
- Servius (380). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (in Latin). Vol. I–XII. Georgius Thilo – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Servius (380a). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (in Latin). Vol. X. 199 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Servius (380b). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (in Latin). Vol. XI. 785 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Silius Italicus. Punica (in Latin). Vol. V. 175 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Simon, Erika (1998). "Apollo in Etruria". Annali della Fondazione C. Faina di Orvieto V (in Italian): 119–141.
- Strabo. Geography. Vol. V – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Virgil. Aeneid. Vol. XI. 786 – via Perseus Digital Library.
Further reading edit
About the epithets edit
- Babelon, Ernest (1963-01-01). Description Historique Et Chronologique Des Monnaies de La République Romaine Vulgairement Appelées Monnaies Consulaires (in French). Vol. 1. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291327748.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–78.
- Gellius, Aulus. "De nominibus deorum populi Romani Diovis et Vediovis". Noctes Atticae (in Latin). Vol. V. 12.
- Mc Callister, Rick; Mc Callister, Silvia, eds. (1999), "CA-CE", Etruscan Glossary,
Calu
- Scarborough, John (1969), Roman Medicine, Cornell University Press, pp. 144, 238, ISBN 9780801405259,
Vediovis
- Zavaroni, Adolfo (1996). I documenti etruschi (in Italian). Sherpa.
Calu
About the equivalents edit
- Cartwright, Mark (2012-07-19), "Hades", World History Encyclopedia, retrieved 2023-07-22
- Chhawchharia, Ajai Kumar (2015). The Chariot of God: Dharma Rath. ISBN 9781516953776.
- Dronke, Ursula, ed. (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Translated by Dronke, Ursula. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-811181-9.
- Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. p. 803. ISBN 978-159339266-6.
- Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-34495-1.
- Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
- Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1.
- Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1220). "Gylfaginning". Prose Edda (in Old Norse).
- Sturluson, Snorri (1995-04-06) [1987]. Edda. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. London: Dent. ISBN 978-0460876162.
- Sturluson, Snorri (1998-10-01). Edda. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. London: Viking Society for Northern Research University College. ISBN 978-0903521345.
- Sturluson, Snorri (2005). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. Translated by Byock, Jesse. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140447552.
- Tilton, Theodore (1897). The complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume. London, UK: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 705.
- Vigfússon, Guðbrandur; Powell, Frederick York (1883). Corpus Poeticum Boreale: Court poetry. Vol. II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. p. 471.
External links edit
- "Culto di Soranus". Romano Impero (in Italian). July 2021.
- "Soranus". Myth Index. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21.
- "Definition of Vejovis, Vediovis, Vediiovis", The Latin Lexicon
- "Vediove". Nova Roma: Calendar of Holidays and Festivals.