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Schistosoma haematobium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Monogenea
Order:	Monopisthocotylea
Genus:	Dactylogyrus
Species:	D. vastator
Binomial name
Schistosoma haematobium

Dactylogyrus vastator

Dactylogyrus vastator is a hermaphroditic Flatworm of class Monogenea which has been found to be an ectoparasite of fish.. This flatworm is known to inhabit the gills of the fish and has cause problems with many fish farms. However, they remain mostly non-hazardous to humans.

Physical Characteristic

Worms of the species D. vastator are a little more than 1.25 millimeters in length. They have two pairs of hooks known as hamuli. A set on the bottom surface of the worm is smaller than the set at the rear. These worms have three pairs of sticky sacs and four eyespots.

Distribution Range

D. vastator lives in the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Significance to Humans

Causes mass mortality among fingerling carp in fish-rearing ponds. Abnormal multiplication of cells in the gill epithelium interferes with carp's respiratory function. The parasite is especially significant in the former Soviet Union and eastern, northern Europe, and India (Specifically Sri Lanka) where carp are bred for food .

Life Cycle

Dactylogyrus vastator has a life cycle with only 1 host, there are no intermediate hosts. New hosts are located and infected by free-living larvae (oncomiracidium).

D. vastator lives in the gills of carp and goldfish. Adults on the gill filaments lay unembryonated eggs that are washed out of the host's gill cavity and sink to the bottom of the water. Ciliated oncomiracidium emerges in 3-5 days, depending on water temperature. Under summer temperatures, development of the embryo is rapid, and fully formed oncomiracidia appear in 2 1/2 days. The larva presses from inside the egg and forces off one end of the egg shell, leaving the embryonic membrane inside when it escapes. Larvae are drawn into the gill cavity by the water current and attach themselves to another host's gills with their hooks. Larvae can also swim about actively and attach to the skin of the carp when it comes in contact with them. Having attached to the first host, they migrate over the body toward the gills, being attracted by the mucus from them. Sexual maturity is attained about 10 days after reaching the gills.

The peak of infestation on the fish is reached about the middle of July, after which the worms begin to disappear, being gone by fall. During the last phase of oviposition, winter eggs are laid; these remain in a resting stage (state of diapause, or period of inactivity) during the cold weather. With the arrival of spring and the warming of the water, development of the eggs begins and hatching soon takes place. Young carp especially are infested, often fatally when large numbers of worms are present on the gill filaments. Eggs laid during the summer hatch after a short period of incubation, resulting in an abundance of oncomiracidia with superinfection of the fish. Under these conditions, an immunity develops in the carp that reduces the infestation for about 2 months.<ref> Animal Parasites Their Life Cycles and Ecology | http://books.google.com/books?id=1WXuP_4IloQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dactylogyrus+vastator++life+cycle&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0#PPP1,M1 <\ref>