User:Dr. Grampinator/sandbox/Crusade Chronology, Second Part
A History of the Crusades: list of contributions
Latin Chronicles of the Crusades
Background edit
1187
- 20 September – 2 October. Saladin's conquest over the Franks is nearly complete with his successful Siege of Jerusalem.[1]
- 20 October. Urban III dies and is succeeded by Gregory VIII on 25 October.[a][3]
- 29 October. Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi calling for the Third Crusade.[4]
- Shortly thereafter. Richard the Lionheart, then duke of Aquitaine, takes the cross with other nobles at Tours.[5]
- 12 November. Conrad of Montferrat leads the defense of the city against Saladin at the Siege of Tyre. The siege is abandoned on 1 January 1188.[6]
- 19 December. Clement III becomes pope after the death of Gregory VIII.[7]
- Late December. Saladin begins his Siege of Belvoir Castle.[8]
- (Date unknown). Chieftan Esbern the Resolute calls for Danish support of the crusade.[9]
- (Date unknown). Canute I of Sweden repels a fleet of pagan Karelians ravaging coastal towns. He builds a defensive tower in Stockholm in response.[10]
Third Crusade edit
Third Crusade[11] Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionheart, Crusade of 1197
1188
- January. Henry II of England and Philip II of France take the cross at Gisors.[12][13]
- 11 February. In order to finance the crusade, the Saladin tithe is begun in England.[14]
- 27 March. Frederick Barbarossa takes the cross at the Curia Christi held in Mainz.[15]
- Spring. Saladin releases Guy of Lusignan from captivity.[16]
- 26 May. Barbarossa sends Saladin an ultimatum to withdraw from the lands he had taken.[17]
- 20–22 July. Bohemond III of Antioch is defeated by Saladin at the Siege of Laodicea.[18]
- 26–29 July. Saladin defeats the Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Sahyun Castle.[19]
- 5–9 August. The Principality of Antioch is defeated by the forces of Saladin at the Siege of al-Shughur.[20]
- 20–23 August. Shortly thereafter, Saladin successfully executes the Siege of Bourzey Castle.[20]
- Early November – 6 December. Saladin and his brother Al-Adil I capture the Templar castle after the Siege of Safed.[21]
1189
- 9 January. After over a year, Saladin is successful in his Siege of Belvoir Castle.[8]
- 11 May. The Third Crusade begins, with Frederick Barbarossa and his forces departing Regensburg.[22]
- June. A Holy Roman Empire fleet, supported by Denmark and Flanders, en route to the Holy Land, stops in the Algarve and attack the castle there in the Alvor massacre.[23]
- 6 July. Henry II of England dies and is succeeded by his son Richard the Lionheart, who was crowned on 3 September and continued his father's plans for the crusade.[24]
- 21 July – 3 September. Sancho I of Portugal teams with Crusaders en route to the Holy Land defeat the Moors at the Siege of Silves.[25]
- August. Guy of Lusignan marches to Tyre but is refused entry by Conrad of Montferrat.
- 26 August. Barbarossa's forces seize the Byzantine city of Philippopolis.[26]
- 28 August. Guy of Lusignan begins the Siege of Acre.[27]
- 1 September. The Holy Roman Empire fleet arrives at Acre.[23]
- 11 November. William II of Sicily dies and the kingdom is siezed by Tancred of Sicily.[28]
1190 edit
- April. An English fleet under the command of Richard de Camville and Robert de Sablé departs Dartmouth to meet Richard the Lionheart in Marseille.[29]
- April. After a long siege, Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon.[30]
- Spring. A northern fleet fought a battle with the Moors and is defeated at the Strait of Gibraltar.[31]
- Spring. A Bulgarian force defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of Tryavna Pass.[32]
- 7 May. A Crusader army led by Frederick of Swabia and Berthold of Merania defeat the Seljuk Turks led by Kaykhusraw I at the Battle of Philomelion.[33]
- 18 May. Barbarossa led an army commanded by Frederick of Swabia, Děpolt II and Géza of Hungary to defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Iconium.[34]
- 10 June. Frederick Barbarossa drowns while crossing the Saleph River and his army returns to Germany.[15]
- Summer. An English ship separated from its fleet sails into Silves while the city was besieged by the Almohads and the English crusaders participated in the successful defense of the city.[31]
- 13–19 July. The Knights Templar under Gualdim Pais successfully repel the Moors at the Siege of Tomar.[35]
- 25 July. Sibylla of Jerusalem and her two daughters die and her sister Isabella I of Jerusalem becomes queen.[36]
- 7 August. Richard the Lionheart leaves for Sicily, arriving at Messina on 23 September. His fleet had arrived earlier, on 14 September.[37]
- 4 October. Richard the Lionheart captures Messina.[37] Tancred of Sicily agrees to a treaty in exchange for his recognition and the release of Joan of England.[38]
- Early November. The marriage of Isabella I of Jerusalem and Humphrey IV of Toron is annulled.[36]
- 24 November Isabella I of Jerusalem marries Conrad of Montferrat.[39]
1191
- 30 March. Celestine III becomes pope.[40]
- 10 April. Richard the Lionheart leaves Sicily. Bad weather forces him to land in Cyprus, entering Limassol on 6 May.[41]
- 15 April. Henry VI of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor.[42]
- 20 April. Philip II of France arrives at Acre.[41]
- 6 May. Bad weather forces the fleet of Richard the Lionheart to land at Limassol in Cyprus. The island is conquered by 1 June.[43]
- 12 May. Berengaria of Navarre marries Richard the Lionheart in Cyprus. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.[44]
- 8 June. Richard the Lionheart arrives at Acre.[45]
- 12 July. Acre surrenders to the Crusaders, ending the two-year Siege of Acre.[45]
- 31 July. Philip II of France, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army under the command of Hugh III of Burgundy.[13]
- 20 August. Richard the Lionheart has the Muslim prisoners of war captured at Acre beheaded during the Massacre at Ayyadieh. In retaliation, Saladin does same to his Christian prisoners.[46]
- 7 September. Richard the Lionheart leads a Crusader army to defeat Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf.[47]
- November. The Crusader army advances on Jerusalem.[48]
- 12 December. Saladin disbands most of his army under pressure from his emirs.[49]
- (Date unknown). Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland.[50]
1192
- Before 24 April. Conrad of Montferrat is elected king of Jerusalem.[39]
- 28 April. Conrad of Montferrat is murdered by two Assassins.[51]
- 6 May. Henry II of Champagne marries Isabella I of Jerusalem, then pregnant with their child Maria of Montferrat. He becomes Henry I of Jerusalem.[36]
- 21 June. Enrico Dandolo becomes doge of Venice.[52]
- 8 August. In the final battle of the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin at the Battle of Jaffa.[53]
- 2 September. Richard the Lionheart and Saladin agree to the Treaty of Jaffa. Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city.[54]
- 9 October. Richard the Lionheart departs the Holy Land.[55]
- Before Christmas. Leopold V of Austria arrests Richard the Lionheart, accusing him of the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat, holding him in captivity at Dürnstein Castle.[56]
- (Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights are recognized by Celestine III.[57]
- (Date unknown). English chronicler and monk Richard of Devizes writes hisChronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi covering the reign of Richard I of England from 1189–1192.[58]
1193
- 4 March. Saladin dies and is succeeded by his sons Al-Aziz Uthman in Egypt and Al-Afdal in Syria.[59]
- 28 March. Richard the Lionheart turned over to Henry VI of Germany who imprisons him in Trifels Castle.[b]
- (Date unknown). Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe.[61]
1194
- 4 February. Richard the Lionheart is ransomed and released from captivity.[56]
- 11 March. Forgiving his brother John of England for his revolt with Philip II of France during his captivity, Richard the Lionheart was crowned a second time and declares war on France.[62]
- Spring. Casimir II the Just organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians.[63]
- October. Leo I of Armenia invites Bohemond III of Antioch to Bagras to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital of Sis.[64]
- (Date unknown). The Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Arcadiopolis.[65]
1195
- March. Henry VI of Germany announces a new crusade, later known at the Crusade of 1197.[42]
- 8 April. Alexios III Angelos becomes Byzantine emperor after deposing Isaac II Angelos.[66]
- 1 June. A Georgian force defeats the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan at the Battle of Shamkor.[67]
- 18 July. The Almohads led by caliph Yaqub al-Mansur attacked the Kingdom of Castile at the Battle of Alarcos.[68][69]
- Later. Alfonso IX of León invades Castile and is excommunicated by Celestine III.[70]
1196
- January. The Treaty of Louviers is signed by Philip II of France and Richard the Lionheart.[71]
- (Date unknown). Bulgarian forces under Ivan Asen I defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Serres.[72]
- (Date unknown). Norman poet and chronicler Ambroise of Evreux writes of the Third Crusade in his Old French poems L´Estoire de la guerre sainte and Itinerarium regis Ricardi.[73]
- (Date unknown). Ephraim of Bonn write his Emeḳ ha-Bacha concerning the treatment of Jews in Europe in the 12th century.[74]
1197
- March. The German forces under Henry VI of Germany begin the Crusade of 1197.[75]
- 10 September. Al-Adil I leads a force that takes the city in the Battle of Jaffa.[76]
- 10 September. Henry I of Jerusalem dies from falling out of a window at his palace in Acre. His widow, Isabella I of Jerusalem, becomes regent while the kingdom is thrown into consternation.[77]
- 22 September. The German forces of the Crusade of 1197 arrive at Acre.[78]
- 28 September. Henry VI of Germany dies of malaria at Messina, while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper Alexios III Angelos.[42]
- 28 November. The German crusaders fail to take the city during the Siege of Toron, which lasts until 2 February 1198.[79]
- (Date unknown). Celestine III again calls for a crusade in Spain.[80]
- (Date unknown). Knights of the Order of Calatrava take Salvatierra Castle from the Moors, holding it until 1211.[81]
Fourth Crusade and the Second Kingdom edit
1198
- 8 January. Innocent III becomes pope.[82]
- 2 February. Failing to take the city, the German crusaders lift the Siege of Toron and return home.[79]
- Spring. Aimery of Cyprus marries Isabella I of Jerusalem and are crowned as king and queen of Jerusalem at Acre.[83]
- July 1 Aimery of Cyprus signs a treaty al-Adil I securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as Antioch for five years and eight months.[83]
- 15 August. Innocent III issues the bull Post miserabile calling for the Fourth Crusade.[84]
- August. The Livonian Crusades begin with the Wars against Livs and Latgalians. Berthold of Hanover fails to defeat the Livonians and is killed.[85]
1199
- 6 April. Richard the Lionheart dies and his brother John of England becomes king.[86]
- 28 November. Due to the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly, an army is organized at a tournament held at Ecry-sur-Aisne by Theobald III, count of Champagne,
- (Date unknown). Michael the Syrian writes his Chronicle in Syriac covering history of the world down to 1196.[87]
1200
- (Date unknown). The Livre au Roi, the earliest surviving text of the Assizes of Jerusalem is written.[88]
1202
- 10–24 November. Siege of Zara
- (Date unknown). Danish Crusade.
- Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1203
- 11 July – 1 August. Siege of Constantinople (1203)
1204
- 12–15 April. Sack of Constantinople
1205
- April. Maria of Montferrat.
- (Date unknown). First Siege of Trebizond (1205–1206).
1207
- March. Siege of Antalya.
- 30 November – 7 December. Siege of Mount Tabor
- 15 December. Battle of Machghara
1209 edit
- July. The Cathars reject the authority of the Crown of Aragon, resulting in the Albigensian Crusade.[89]
1210
- (Date?). John of Brienne.[90]
- (Date unknown). The forces of Peter II of Aragon, as supported by the Knights Templar (under Peire de Montagut) and the Knights Hospitaller, defeat the defending Moorish forces at the Siege of al-Dāmūs.[91]
1211
- 17 June. Battle of Antioch on the Meander.
1212
- (Date unknown). Pope Innocent III calls for a crusade in Spain.[80]
- Early Spring. Children's Crusade
- 16 July. Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon defeat the Moorish forces under Muhammad al-Nasir at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.[92]
- (Date?). Isabella II of Jerusalem.
1213
- 12 September. Peter II of Aragon dies fighting in the Battle of Muret and his son James I of Aragon (the Conqueror) becomes king.[93]
1214
- 1 November. Siege of Sinope.
1215
- 11 November. The Fourth Lateran Council downgrades Iberian activities in favor of the Fifth Crusade.[80]
Fifth Crusade edit
1217
- 1 July. Forces depart France on the Fifth Crusade.[94]
- 30 July – 18 October. Portugal and the Crusaders under Soeiro II of Lisbon and William I of Holland defeat the Moors at the Siege of Alcácer do Sal, the first engagment of the Fifth Crusade.[95]
- (Date unknown). Prussian Crusade.
1218
- 29 May. Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)
1219
- 19 June. Battle of Lyndanisse.
- 29 August. Battle of Fariskur (1219)
- Early November. Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)
1221
- 26–28 August. Battle of Mansurah (1221)
- (Date unknown). Battle of Sudak.
1222
- (Date unknown). Second Siege of Trebizond (1222–1223).
1223 edit
1225
- (Date?). Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- (Date unknown). At the first Siege of Jaén, the forces of the Taifa of Jayyān led Christian knight Álvaro Pérez de Castro defeat the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile and the Taifa of Baeza.[96]
1226
- 10 June – 9 September. Siege of Avignon (1226).
1227
- 22 July. Battle of Bornhöved (1227).
Sixth Crusade edit
1228
- 4 May. Conrad IV of Germany.
- (Date unknown). Ibn Hud siezes power over much of al-Andalus.[97]
- (Date unknown). Drenther Crusade
1229
- 13 February. Gregory IX issues a papal bull calling for a new crusade in Spain.[98]
- 18 February. Treaty of Jaffa.
- 5 September. James I of Aragon begins the Conquest of Majorca resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Majorca.[99]
- 12 September. The Aragonese win the first engagement at Majorca at the Battle of Portopí.[99]
1230 edit
- 24 June. The forces of Ferdinand III of Castile and García Fernández de Villamayor fail in their second Siege of Jaén.[100]
- 30 October. The Conquest of Majorca is completed.[99]
1231
- (Date unknown). The crusade of Ferdinand III of Castile begins.[101]
- (Date unknown). The forces of Ferdinand III of Castile led by Alfonso de Molina and Álvaro Pérez de Castrodefeat those of Ibn Hud at the Battle of Jerez, leading to the rise of Muhammad I of Granada.[102]
1232
- 13 July. The Nasrid dynasty begins ruling the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada, the first sultan of Granada.[103]
- (Date unknown). James I of Aragon begins his campaign against the Moors occupying Valencia.[101]
1233
- May–July. As part of his Valencian campaign, James I of Aragon and Bernat Guillem d'Entença defeat Zayyan ibn Mardanish at the Siege of Burriana.[104][105]
- (Date unknown). Stedinger Crusade
1234
- 7 April. Theobald I of Navarre becomes king.[106]
1235
- (Date unknown). Bosnian Crusade
1236
- 29 June. Ferdinand III of Castile captures Córdoba from Ibn Hud after the Siege of Córdoba, regaining the city held by the Moors since 711.[107]
1237
- 15 August. James I of Aragon and Bernat Guillem d'Entença defeat Zayyan ibn Mardanish at the Battle of the Puig, completing their Valencian campaign.[105]
1238
- Spring. The Portuguese conquest of the Algarve begins.[108]
- (Date unknown). The Taifa of Valencia becomes part of Aragon.[105]
- (Date unknown). Ibn Hud is assassinated.[97]
Barons' Crusade edit
1239
- 2 November. Theobald I of Navarre initiates the Barons' Crusade.[109]
- 13 November. Battle at Gaza (1239)
1240
- 15 July. Battle of the Neva.
- (Date unknown). Livonian campaign against Rus'.
1241
- August. Danish Campaigns to Novgorod.
1242 edit
- 12 April. Battle on the Ice.
1244
- 22 May. The Moors surrender Xativa Castle to James I of Aragon following a five-month siege. The terms of surrender of the Moors were laid out in the subsequent Treaty of Xàtiva.[110]
- 11 July – 23 August. Khwarazmian Empire Siege of Jerusalem (1244).
- 17–18 October. Battle of Forbie
1246
- 28 February. Kingdom of Castile and the Order of Santiago commanded by Ferdinand III of Castile and Grand Master Pelayo Pérez Correa defeat a defending force of the Taifa of Jaén and the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada at the Third Siege of Jaén.[111]
- March. Muhammad I enters into peace agreement with Castile and Granada becomes its vassal.[112]
- 15 April. James I of Aragon and his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile enter into the Al-Azraq Treaty of 1245 with Moorish commander al-Azraq.[113]
1247
- July. Castile begins the Siege of Seville.[114]
- August – 15 October. Siege of Ascalon (1247)
Seventh Crusade edit
1248
- 28 November. Ferdinand III of Castile, supported by Ramón de Bonifaz, defeats the Moors led by Axataf after the 16-month Siege of Seville.[114][115]
1249
- March. Afonso III of Portugal and Paio Peres Correia capture the Algarve from the Taifa of Niebla after the Siege of Faro.[116] This marked the end of the Portuguese conquest of the Algarve and therefore their Reconquistaefforts in the Iberian peninsula.[108]
- 6 June. Siege of Damietta (1249)
- Approximate. Second Swedish Crusade.
1250 edit
- 8–11 February. Battle of Mansurah (1250)
- 6 April. Battle of Fariskur (1250)
1251
- (Date unknown). Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
1253
- 8 July. Theobald II of Navarre becomes king.[117]
1254
- 21 May. Conradin.
1260 edit
- 10–23 September. After the Battle of Salé, a Castilian fleet sent by Alfonso X of Castile temporarily occupies Salé in Morocco.[118]
- 24 October. Baybars becomes Mamluk sultan of Egypt.[119]
1261
- 15 August 1261. Michael VIII Palaiologos begins the Palaiologan dynasty to rule the Byzantine Empire until 1453.[120]
- 25 November. After the 11-month Siege of Jerez, the Moorish enclave of Jerez de la Frontera is incorporated into the Crown of Castile.[121]
1264
1265
- 8 February 1265. Abaqa becomes second to rule the Mongol Ilkhanate, after the death of his father Hulagu Khan.[122]
- 21 March – 29 April. Fall of Arsuf
- October. James I of Aragon begins the Conquest of Murcia, taking the Muslim-held Taifa of Murcia on behalf of his ally Alfonso X of Castile. He is supported by Manuel of Castile and Paio Peres Correia.[123]
- Fall–Winter. Clement IV issues a general Crusade bull for the whole of Spain, when the kings of Aragon and Castile joined in the expedition against the Taifa of Murcia.[124]
- (Date unknown). Caesarea Maritima
- (Date unknown). Fall of Haifa (1265)
1266
- 5 January 1266. Charles I of Anjou and Beatrice of Provence crowned king and queen of Sicily.[125]
- 31 January. Murcia surrenders to James I of Aragon.[123]
- 13 June – 23 July. Siege of Safed (1266)
1267
1268
- 18 February. Battle of Wesenberg (1268).
- May. Siege of Antioch (1268)
1269
- 1 September. Fernando Sánchez de Castro and Pedro Fernández de Híjar begin the Crusade of the Infants of Aragon, abandoning it the next year with no results.[126]
- 24 September 1269. Hugh III of Cyprus elected and crowned king of Jerusalem. The claim of Maria of Antiochto the throne is rejected.[127]
Eighth Crusade edit
1270 edit
- 17 August. Philip of Montfort killed by Assassins on the orders of Baibars.[128]
- 25 August. Louis IX of France dies while on the Eighth Crusade and succeeded by his son Philip III of France.[129]
- 21 October. Hethum I of Armenia abdicates and is succeeded by his son Leo II.[130]
Lord Edward's Crusade edit
1271
- Spring. Baibars besieges Safita in February, then takes Krak des Chevaliers, Gibelacar, Tripoli.[131]
- 13 March – 8 April. Fall of Krak des Chevaliers
- Late May. Baibars offers Bohemond VI of Antioch a ten-year truce after the Siege of Tripoli.[132]
- 1 September. Gregory X elected pope, preaches new crusade in coordination with the Mongols.[133]
- (Date unknown). The Gran conquista de Ultramar, a late 13th-century Castilian chronicle of the crusades for the period 1095–1271, is written.[134]
1272
- 21 February. Charles I of Anjou proclaimed king of Albania.[135]
- 12 May. Lord Edward's Crusade, the last major crusade to the Holy Land, ends inconclusively with a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward attacked by an Assassin the next month.[136]
- 20 November. Edward I of England becomes king after the death of his father Henry III three days earlier.[137]
The Decline and Fall of the Crusader States edit
1273
- 22 January. Muhammad II of Granada becomes the Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada.[138]
- 11 March. Gregory X issues papal bull Dudum super generalis asking for information on Islamic threats to Christendom.[139]
- Early. Haymo Létrange puts Beirut and their ruler Isabella of Beirut under the protection of Baibars.[140]
- July. Al-Kahf, the last Assassin stronghold in Syria, falls to Mamluks.[141]
- 1 October. Rudolf I of Germany elected king, ending the Great Interregnum.[142]
- October. Philip of Courtenay becomes Latin Emperor upon the death of Baldwin II.[143]
- (Date unknown). William of Tripoli publishes De statu Saracenorum in response to the papal bull serving as a handbook for the Christian missionary on the history, law and beliefs of Islam.[144]
1274
- Early. Gregory X receives reports on the failure of the crusades including Gilbert of Tournai's Collectio de scandalis ecclesiae, Bruno of Olomouc's Relatio de statu ecclesiae in regno alemaniae, and the Opus tripartitumof Humbert of Romans.[145]
- 7 May – 17 July. Second Council of Lyon discusses reconquest of the Holy Land.[146] Representatives of the Ilkhanate attend and Union of churches approved.[147]
- (Date unknown). Geoffrey of Beaulieu writes his biography of Louis IX of France, The Life of Saint Louis, as directed by the pope.[148]
1275
- March. Baibars continues his campaign against Armenia and demands the return of the Christian half of Latakia.[149]
- Spring. Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan.[150]
- 13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain.[151]
- 4 June. Hugh III negotiates a truce with Baibars that protects Latakia in exchange for an annual tribute.[149]
- 8 September. The Moors defeat Castile at the Battle of Écija.[152]
- 21 October. The Moors defeat the army of Castile led by Sancho II de Aragon at the Battle of Martos. Sancho II was killed and Alfonso X of Castile was forced to accept a peace treaty.[153]
- (Date unknown). Philip III of France and Rudolf I of Germany take the cross without corresponding action.[154]
1276
- 19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his invasion of Spain, and, with Muhammad II of Granada, agrees to a truce with Alfonso X of Castile for two years.[151]
- October. Templars purchase La Fauconnerie (La Féve), omitting to secure Hugh's consent.[155]
- October. Hugh III relocates from Acre to Cyprus.[156]
1277
- January/March. Philip of Sicily dies and title to Principality of Achaea reverts to his father Charles I of Anjou.[157]
- 18 March. Charles I of Anjou secures the disputed title of king by purchasing Maria of Antioch's claim to the throne of Jerusalem.[158]
- 15 April. Mamluk force defeats Mongol occupying force at the Battle of Elbistan.[159]
- 25 November. Nicholas III elected pope after the death of John XXI on 20 May 1277.[160]
- 1 July. Baibars dies, succeeded by sons Barakah and then Solamish.[161]
- August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his second Invasion of Spain, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.[162]
- Approximate. The Estoire d'Eracles, a history of the Crusades, is written.[163]
1278
- January. Charles I of Anjou crowned king of Jerusalem at Acre and is recognized by the kingdom's barons. He appoints Roger of San Severino as his representative.[164]
- 1 May. William of Villehardouin dies and his lands in Achaea revert to Charles I of Anjou.[165]
- 24 May. Charles I of Anjou swears fealty to Nicholas III and promises not to invade the Byzantine Empire.[166]
- 25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval Battle off Algeciras.[167]
- 5 August. Alfonso X of Castile launches the unsuccessful first Siege of Algeciras. Castilian forces were commanded by Peter of Castile and Alfonso Fernández el Niño.[167]
1279
- 16 February. Alfonso III of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his son Denis of Portugal.[168]
- 5 March. Teutonic Knights defeated by Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Battle of Aizkraukle.[169]
- November. Qalawun becomes Mamluk sultan after deposing Solamish.[170]
1280 edit
- April–June. Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk governor of Damascus, revolts against Cairo. He flees after Qalawun invades the city.[171]
- 23 June. Granada defeats Castile and León at the Battle of Moclín.[172]
- 22 August. Nicholas III dies suddenly, 1280–1281 papal election beings 22 September.[173]
- 29 October. Mongols sack Aleppo.[174]
1281
- 22 February. Martin IV elected pope.[175]
- 10 April. Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated.[176][177]
- 3 May. Qalawun renews the truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem for another ten years.[178]
- 16 July. Bohemond VII of Tripoli agrees to Qalawun's truce for the County of Tripoli.[178]
- 29 October. The Mamluks defeat a coalition of Mongols, Armenians and Hospitallers at the second Battle of Homs.[179]
1282*
- 30 August. Peter III of Aragon lands in Sicily, claims crown four days later and is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV.[180]
- (Date unknown). Roger of Lauria named commander of the Aragonese fleet.[181]
1283
- 13 January. Martin IV declares the Aragonese Crusade against Peter III of Aragon.[182]
- 8 July 1283, Roger of Lauria defeats the Angevins at the Battle of Malta.[183]
- (Date unknown). Lithuanian Crusade.
1284
- 5 June. Roger of Lauria defeats the Neapolitan fleet at the Battle of the Gulf of Naples, capturing the commander Charles II of Naples.[184]
- 16 August. Joan I of Navarre marries Philip IV of France, and thus Navarre forms a personal union with the Kingdom of France.[185] [186]
1285
- 26 June. Philip III of France invades Aragon in response to the call to crusade of 1283.[187]
- 4 September. Argonese fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeats a French and Genoese at the Battle of Les Formigues.[188]
- 1 October. Aragonese defeat the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars.[189]
- 5 October. Joan I of Navarre becomes queen consort of France by virtue of her marriage to Philip IV of France. Navarre goes under French rule.[190]
1286
1287
- 23 June. Aragon defeats Naples at the naval Battle of the Counts.[191]
1288
- 28 October. Edward I of England enters into the Treaty of Canfranc with Alfonso III of Aragon to secure the release of Charles II of Naples, captured four years before.[184]
1291 edit
- 6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over Marinid fleet at Alcácer Seguir.[192]
- Approximate. The annals of the Crusades Annales de Terre Sainte is written.[163]
Aftermath edit
Jerusalem after 1291.[193]
1292
- (Date unknown). Sancho IV of Castile takes the Marinid city of Tarifa in the first engagement of the Battle of the Strait, and Guzmán el Bueno appointed governor.[194][195]
1293
- (Date Unknown). Third Swedish Crusade.
1294
- Not earlier than. The Regni Ierosolimitani brevis hystoria (Short History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem) is written.[196]
1295
- Late. The Kingdom of Castile is defeated by the forces of Muhammad II of Granada at the Battle of Iznalloz. Castilian forces were led by Sancho IV of Castile and Ruy Pérez Ponce de León.[197]
1299
- 4 July. Aragonese-Angevin fleet led by Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet at the Battle of Cape Orlando.[181]
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See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[2]
- ^ Richard the Lionheart famously refused to show deference to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God".[60]
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- Jayne, Kingsley Garland; Prestage, Edgar (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.).
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: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Hussey, Joan M. (1969). "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 123–152.
- Johnson, Edgar N. (1969). "The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 87–122.
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- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1898). Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem. G. P. Putnam.
- Leopold, Antony R. (2000). How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754601203.
- Lewis, Bernard (1969). "The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 99–134.
- Lindholm, David; Nicolle, David (2007). The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades, 1100–1500. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841769882.
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- Longford, Elizabeth (1989), The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780192141538
- Longnon, Jean (1969). "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 235–276.
- Loud, G. A. (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754665755.
- Madden, Thomas F. (2008). The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions. Ashgate Publishing Company. ISBN 9780754663195.
- McNeal, Edgar H.; Wolff, Robert Lee (1969). "The Fourth Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 153–186.
- Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078624.
- Nersessian, Sirarpie Der (1969). "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 630–660.
- Nicholson, Helen J.; Nicolle, David (2005). God's Warriors: Crusaders, Saracens and the Battle for Jerusalem. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781841769431.
- Nicolle, David (2005). The Third Crusade, 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the Struggle for Jerusalem. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841768687.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812204636.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203066.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2016). The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781512805451.
- Painter, Sidney (1969a). "The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 45–86.
- Painter, Sidney (1969b). "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 463–486.
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- Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347723.
- Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107604742.
- Runciman, Steven (1969c). "The Crusader States, 1243–1291" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 557–598.
- Ryan, Vincent (2008). "Richard I and the Early Evolution of the Fourth Crusade". In Madden, Thomas F. (ed.). The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions. Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 3–14. ISBN 9780754663195.
- Setton, Kenneth M., ed. (1969–1989). A History of the Crusades. Six Volumes. University of Wisconsin Press.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-114-9.
- Slack, Corliss K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878303.
- Strayer, Joseph R. (1969a). "The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 343–376.
- Strayer, Joseph R. (1969b). "The Crusades of Louis IX" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 487–521.
- Suárez Fernández, Luis (1976). Historia de España antigua y media. Rialp. ISBN 9788432118845.
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- Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674023871.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2009). The Crusades. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 9781402768910.
- Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969a). "The Fifth Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 377–428.
- Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969b). "The Crusade of Frederick II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 429–462.
- Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317496434.
- Watts, Henry Edward (1894). The Christian Recovery of Spain: Being the Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada (711-1492 A.D.). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Weir, Margaret Graham. University of Calcutta.
- Wheeler, Benjamin W.; Kreuger, Hilmar C.; Lopez, Robert S.; Runciman, Steven (1969). "Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 31–80.
- Wheeler, Benjamin W. (1969). "The Reconquest of Spain before 1095" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 31–39.
- Wieruszowski, Helene (1969). "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 3–44.
- Wolff, Robert L. (1969). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 187–234.
- Wolff, Robert L.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048440.
- Zacour, Norman P. (1969). "The Children's Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 325–342.
- Ziada, Mustafa M. (1969). "The Mamluk Sultans to 1293" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 735–758.