User:Donald Trung/Education in French Annam

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Annam (French protectorate)#Education" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/1026118449&type=revision Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 13:55, 31 May 2021 (UTC) .

Education edit

An Indochinese primary school completion certificate (Bằng-Cấp Tiểu-Học Cụ-Thề Đông-Pháp) issued by the National Ministry of Education of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year 1939. It has a modern French design but displays traditional symbols like the seal of the minister and the usage of Classical Chinese alongside Romanised Vietnamese.

During the French period the Confucian-oriented education system was slowly being replaced with a localised version of the French education system.^[1]^[2] Prior to French domination teachers were held in high regard in the Confucian system and as such one of the traditional values of the Vietnamese people is the promotion of learning and to have high respect for educators.^[1]^[2] In this old system teachers were deemed to be "Only lower than the King" (Emperor) according to a 2010 report by the World Bank.^[1]^[2] In order to become a teacher in Imperial Vietnam, the mandarins would request of those that applied to become teachers to already have both high grades in competitive Confucian-style exams as well as excellent prior learning achievements.^[1]^[2] The 2010 report by the World Bank also noted that historically in Vietnam teachers would often be invited to reside together with well-to-do villagers so they would be able to tutor the children of these wealthy families as well as other children that lived in the village.^[1]^[2]

Immediately after the establishment of the colony of French Cochinchina the French established schools to teach the Vietnamese French and the French Vietnamese in order to train interpreters for the army.^[3] In Cochinchina the French immediately began replacing the Nguyễn government apparatus with the French government apparatus and education formed an important part of this process.^[3] This education and training system that was established in French Cochinchina initially met the two basic goals that the French had set up in helping to train both interpreters and secretaries for the French military and colonial government, while organising a new form education for the indigenous population that popularised French words and romanised the local languages, the latter was done to gradually replace Chinese characters.^[3] Despite their efforts French words weren't easily adopted and Chinese script persisted as these goals only found limited success in French Cochinchina.^[3]

Following the establishment of two protectorates over the Nguyễn dynasty the French expanded the education system they had set up in Cochinchina to the rest of Vietnam.^[3] The new French-based education system was created in the hopes of training indigenous people that could serve French interests in the colonial system.^[1]^[2] During the colonial period the French built elementary schools, primary schools, primary colleges, secondary schools, and three universities across Vietnam, all these places of education had the French language as the main language that was used for instruction.^[1]^[2]

Education during the French protectorate period started at the primary school-level (小學, Tiểu học) as early childhood education would only become a concern in Vietnamese society following the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty in 1945.^[4] During most of the French protectorate period as well as before early childhood education was not considered to be a social task, and therefore, there existed no form of a formal educational system and curriculum for preschool children at during this period.^[4]

In the year 1906, France enacted its first educational reform in French Indochina to expand their influence over the local populations.^[3] These reforms were aimed at controlling the spiritual lives of the people and limit the influence of the Confucian mandarins.^[3] The traditional mandarins were seen as a threat to French influence as they used Confucianism to promote Vietnamese nationalism.^[3] The 1906 reforms implemented French at every level.^[3] In the 1906 the basic subjects for boys were reading and writing, mathematics, history, geography, morality, and accounting, while the basic subjects for girls were reading and writing, mathematics, morality, hygiene, and housework.^[3] Vocational education was also established to train the indigenous population to work for French capitalists as skilled labourers.^[3]

Because only a small number of schools were constructed across Vietnam access to these schools was extremely limited and as much as 95% of the Vietnamese population would remain illiterate during most of the period of French domination showing the inefficiency of the education system.^[1]^[2]

In the year 1917 clear educational guidelines were established for French Indochina and at the primary school and elementary school level Vietnamese classes were given with instructions written in Chữ Quốc Ngữ to replace Chinese characters.^[3] The Quốc Ngữ alphabet was used to turn Vietnamese into "a vehicle used to transport French ideology and interests in Indochina".^[3]

While apologists for the French colonial regime would claim that French rule led to vast improvements to Vietnamese education system.^[5] The official statistics that were compiled and kept by the French authorities in Indochina cast doubt on such assertions.^[5]

In the year 1939 no more than 15% of all school-age children had received any amount of education while still 80% of the general Vietnamese populace remained illiterate.^[5] This was in contrast to pre-colonial times when the majority of the Vietnamese people were in possession of at least some degree of literacy.^[5]

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kathryn Lattman (2011). "History of Education § Educational Roots: Feudal Period (Up to the late 19th century)". Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h World Bank (World Bank Group) - “Education in Vietnam”. Published: 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Luong Quang Hien (10 April 2010). "French Educational Reforms in Indochina Peninsula and the Appearance of the Western Intellectual Hierarchy in Vietnam in the Early Twentieth. (American Journal of Educational Research. 2020, 8(4), 208-213. DOI: 10.12691/education-8-4-3 Received March 01, 2020; Revised April 03, 2020; Accepted April 10, 2020)". SciPub.com. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b Thao Thi Vu (13 January 2021). "Early childhood education in Vietnam, history, and development. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy volume 15, Article number: 3 (2021)". SpringerOpen (Springer Science+Business Media). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Vietnam - Effects of French colonial rule". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Annam". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–63.
Legrand de la Liraye, Notes historiques sur la nation annamite (Paris, 1866?)
C. Gosselin, L'Empire d'Annam (Paris, 1904)
E. Sombsthay, Cours de législation et d' administration annamites (Paris, 1898).

For modern histories of Vietnam in English, see History of Vietnam#Sources.

Category:French Indochina Category:Former countries in Vietnamese history Category:Former colonies in Asia Category:Former French colonies Category:Former protectorates Category:French Union Category:1883 establishments in Vietnam Category:1948 disestablishments in Vietnam Category:1883 establishments in the French colonial empire Category:1948 disestablishments in French Indochina Category:States and territories established in 1883 Category:States and territories established in 1948 Category:Former polities of the Cold War

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<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use edit

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Sources to use edit

This expansion only exists because of the image and serves "as an excuse to add the image to the article", though I am glad I cam educate people while wanting to add that image (document) there. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:30, 30 May 2021 (UTC) .

https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/Effects-of-French-colonial-rule
- <ref name="Encyclopædia-Britannica-Effects-of-French-colonial-rule-on-Vietnam">{{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/Effects-of-French-colonial-rule|title= Vietnam - Effects of French colonial rule.|date=2021|accessdate=31 May 2021|work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:29, 30 May 2021 (UTC) .

https://ijccep.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40723-020-00080-4
- <ref name="Springer-Open-Early-childhood-education">{{cite web|url= https://ijccep.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40723-020-00080-4|title= Early childhood education in Vietnam, history, and development. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy volume 15, Article number: 3 (2021). |date=13 January 2021|accessdate=30 May 2021|author= Thao Thi Vu|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media#Open access|SpringerOpen]] ([[Springer Science+Business Media]])|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:11, 30 May 2021 (UTC) .

http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/8/4/3/index.html
- <ref name="Luong-Quang-Hien-2020">{{cite web|url= http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/8/4/3/index.html|title= French Educational Reforms in Indochina Peninsula and the Appearance of the Western Intellectual Hierarchy in Vietnam in the Early Twentieth. (American Journal of Educational Research. 2020, 8(4), 208-213. DOI: 10.12691/education-8-4-3 Received March 01, 2020; Revised April 03, 2020; Accepted April 10, 2020)|date=10 April 2010|accessdate=30 May 2021|author= Luong Quang Hien|publisher= SciPub.com|language=en}}</ref>
  - Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:13, 30 May 2021 (UTC) .

[Middlebury-History-of-Education-of-Vietnam-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kathryn Lattman (2011). "History of Education § Educational Roots: Feudal Period (Up to the late 19th century)". Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

[World-Bank-2010-Education-in-Vietnam-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h World Bank (World Bank Group) - “Education in Vietnam”. Published: 2010.

[Luong-Quang-Hien-2020-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Luong Quang Hien (10 April 2010). "French Educational Reforms in Indochina Peninsula and the Appearance of the Western Intellectual Hierarchy in Vietnam in the Early Twentieth. (American Journal of Educational Research. 2020, 8(4), 208-213. DOI: 10.12691/education-8-4-3 Received March 01, 2020; Revised April 03, 2020; Accepted April 10, 2020)". SciPub.com. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

[Springer-Open-Early-childhood-education-4] Thao Thi Vu (13 January 2021). "Early childhood education in Vietnam, history, and development. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy volume 15, Article number: 3 (2021)". SpringerOpen (Springer Science+Business Media). Retrieved 30 May 2021.

[Encyclopædia-Britannica-Effects-of-French-colonial-rule-on-Vietnam-5] "Vietnam - Effects of French colonial rule". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

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v t e French Indochina
Background	France–Asia relations French colonial empire France–Vietnam relations France–Thailand relations France–China relations
Constituent territories	Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam
Events	French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) French conquest of Vietnam Siege of Tourane (1858) Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) Sino-French War (1884–1885) Pacification of Tonkin Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French–Thai War (1940–1941) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam
Treaties	Treaty of Versailles (1787) Treaty of Saigon (1862) Treaty of Huế (1863) Treaty of Saigon (1874) Treaty of Huế (1883) Treaty of Huế (1884) Treaty of Tientsin (1885) Geneva Conference (1954)
French personalities	Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean-Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut
Organisations	Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor-General of French Indochina