| Achilles tendinitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Achilles tendinopathy, Achilles tendonitis, Achilles tenosynovitis |
 | |
| Drawing of Achilles tendonitis with the affected part highlighted in red | |
| Symptoms | Pain, swelling around the affected tendon[1] |
| Usual onset | Gradual[1] |
| Duration | Months[2] |
| Types | Noninsertional, insertional[2] |
| Causes | Overuse[2] |
| Risk factors | Trauma, lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Achilles tendon rupture[3] |
| Treatment | Rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), physical therapy[1][2] |
| Frequency | Common[2] |
Achilles tendinitis, also known as achilles tendinopathy, is when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes irritated.[2] The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the affected tendon.[1] The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter.[3] Stiffness of the ankle may also be present.[2] Onset is generally gradual.[1]
It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as running.[2][3] Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class.[1] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination.[3]
While stretching and exercises to strengthen the calf are often recommended for prevention, evidence to support these measures is poor.[4][5][6] Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy.[1][2] A heel lift or orthotics may also be helpful.[2][3] In those in who symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered.[2] Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders". Primary care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Achilles Tendinitis". OrthoInfo - AAOS. June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "Achilles Tendinitis". MSD Manual Professional Edition. March 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ Park, DY; Chou, L (December 2006). "Stretching for prevention of Achilles tendon injuries: a review of the literature". Foot & ankle international. 27 (12): 1086–95. doi:10.1177/107110070602701215. PMID 17207437.
- ^ Peters, JA; Zwerver, J; Diercks, RL; Elferink-Gemser, MT; van den Akker-Scheek, I (March 2016). "Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review". Journal of science and medicine in sport. 19 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.03.008. PMID 25981200.
- ^ "Achilles tendinitis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 27 June 2018.