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User:Crazy-Chemist/Testsite

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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).


The nonbenzodiazepines are comparatively new drugs whose actions are somewhat similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but are structurally unrelated to the Benzodiazepines. Thus far, three main structural classes of nonbenzodiazepine drugs have been developed (although note that some other orphan drugs also fall into the "nonbenzodiazepine" category). The three main groups are:

Core structures of selected nonbenzodiazepines (left three diagrams) and the structure of benzodiazepine (right) for comparison.

The first three nonbenzodiazepine drugs to enter the market were the "Z-drugs", zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. These three drugs are all sedatives used exclusively for the treatment of insomnia. They have proved to be safer than both benzodiazepines and the older barbiturates, especially when taken in overdose, and also have less of a tendency to induce physical dependence and addiction although these issues can still become a problem with abuse of this drug. This has led to the Z-drugs becoming widely prescribed for the treatment of insomnia particularly in elderly patients.[1][2][3]

However the Z-drugs are not without their disadvantages, and all three compounds are notable for producing side effects such as pronounced amnesia and more rarely hallucinations,[4][5] especially when used in large doses. More rarely these drugs can produce a fugue state where the patient sleepwalks and may perform relatively complex actions, including cooking meals or driving cars, while effectively unconscious and with no recollection of the events upon awakening. While this effect is rare (and has also been reported to occur with some of the older sedative drugs such as temazepam and secobarbital) it can be potentially hazardous and so further development of this class of drugs has continued in an effort to find new compounds with further improved profiles.[6][7][8][9][10]

More recently, a range of non-sedating anxiolytic drugs derived from the same structural families as the Z-drugs have been developed, such as alpidem and pagoclone, and are starting to be marketed. These drugs are again much more selective than the older benzodiazepine anxiolytics, producing effective relief of anxiety symptoms but with little or no sedative or amnestic side effects, and so offer considerable advantages over the older anxiolytic drugs, however they are still new to the market and have not yet been widely prescribed.

References edit

  1. ^ Neubauer DN (2006). "New approaches in managing chronic insomnia". CNS Spectrums. 11 (8 Suppl 8): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S1092852900026687. PMID 16871130. S2CID 141232890.
  2. ^ Najib J (2006). "Eszopiclone, a nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic agent for the treatment of transient and chronic insomnia". Clinical Therapeutics. 28 (4): 491–516. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.04.014. PMID 16750462.
  3. ^ Lieberman JA (2007). "Update on the safety considerations in the management of insomnia with hypnotics: incorporating modified-release formulations into primary care" (PDF). Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 9 (1): 25–31. doi:10.4088/pcc.v09n0105. PMC 1894851. PMID 17599165.
  4. ^ Stone JR, Zorick TS, Tsuang J (2007). "Dose-related illusions and hallucinations with zaleplon". Clin Toxicol (Philadelphia). 46 (4): 1–2. doi:10.1080/15563650701517442. PMID 17852167. S2CID 42660070.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Toner LC, Tsambiras BM, Catalano G, Catalano MC, Cooper DS (2000). "Central nervous system side effects associated with zolpidem treatment". Clin Neuropharmacol. 23 (1): 54–8. doi:10.1097/00002826-200001000-00011. PMID 10682233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Mellingsaeter TC, Bramness JG, Slørdal L (2006). "[Are z-hypnotics better and safer sleeping pills than benzodiazepines?]". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening (in Norwegian). 126 (22): 2954–6. PMID 17117195.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Yang W, Dollear M, Muthukrishnan SR (2005). "One rare side effect of zolpidem--sleepwalking: a case report". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 86 (6): 1265–6. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.022. PMID 15954071.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Lange CL (2005). "Medication-associated somnambulism". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 44 (3): 211–2. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000150618.67559.48. PMID 15725964.
  9. ^ Morgenthaler TI, Silber MH (2002). "Amnestic sleep-related eating disorder associated with zolpidem". Sleep Medicine. 3 (4): 323–7. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00007-2. PMID 14592194.
  10. ^ Liskow B, Pikalov A (2004). "Zaleplon overdose associated with sleepwalking and complex behavior". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 43 (8): 927–8. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000129219.66563.aa. PMID 15266187.

External links edit


[ [Category:Cyclopyrrolones] ] [ [Category:Imidazopyridines] ] [ [Category:Pyrazolopyrimidines] ]

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