American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Codes
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) covers all aspects of design and manufacture of boilers and pressure vessels. All sections contain welding specifications, however most relevant information is contained in the following:
CODE DESCRIPTION ASME B16.25 Buttwelding ends ASME B31.1 Power Piping ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME BPVC Section I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers ASME BPVC Section II Part C: Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals.[1]
ASME BPVC Section III Rules for Constructions of Nuclear Facility Components-Subsection NCA-General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 ASME BPVC Section IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers ASME BPVC Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications ASME BPVC Section V Nondestructive Examination ASME BPVC Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1 and Division 2
American Welding Society (AWS) Standards
The American Welding Society (AWS) publishes over 240 AWS-developed codes, recommended practices and guides which are written in accordance with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) practices.[2] The following is a partial list of the more common publications:
STANDARD NUMBER TITLE
AWS A2.4 Standard symbols for welding, brazing, and non-destructive examination
AWS A3.0 Standard welding terms and definitions
AWS A5.1 Specification for carbon steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding
AWS A5.18 Specification for carbon steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding
AWS B1.10 Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds
AWS B2.1 Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
AWS D1.1 Structural welding (steel)
AWS D1.2 Structural welding (aluminum)
AWS D1.3 Structural welding (sheet steel)
AWS D1.4 Structural welding (reinforcing steel)
AWS D1.5 Bridge welding
AWS D1.6 Structural welding (stainless steel)
AWS D1.7 Structural welding (strengthening and repair)
AWS D1.8 Structural welding seismic supplement
AWS D1.9 Structural welding (titanium)
AWS D3.6R Underwater welding (Offshore 7 inland pipelines)
AWS D8.1 Automotive spot welding
AWS D8.6 Automotive spot welding electrodes supplement
AWS D8.7 Automotive spot welding recommendations supplement
AWS D8.8 Automotive arc welding (steel)
AWS D8.9 Automotive spot weld testing
AWS D8.14 Automotive arc welding (aluminum)
AWS D9.1 Sheet metal welding
AWS D10.10 Heating practices for pipe and tube
AWS D10.11 Root pass welding for pipe
AWS D10.12 Pipe welding (mild steel)
AWS D10.13 Tube brazing (copper)
AWS D10.18 Pipe welding (stainless steel)
AWS D11.2 Welding (cast iron)
AWS D14.1 Industrial mill crane welding
AWS D14.3 Earthmoving & agricultural equipment welding
AWS D14.4 Machinery joint welding
AWS D14.5 Press welding
AWS D14.6 Rotating Elements of Equipment
AWS D15.1 Railroad welding
AWS D15.2 Railroad welding practice supplement
AWS D16.1 Robotic arc welding safety
AWS D16.2 Robotic arc welding system installation
AWS D16.3 Robotic arc welding risk assessment
AWS D16.4 Robotic arc welder operator qualification
AWS D17.1 Aerospace fusion welding
AWS D17.2 Aerospace resistance welding
AWS D18.1 Hygienic tube welding (stainless steel)
AWS D18.2 Stainless steel tube discoloration guide
AWS D18.3 Hygienic equipment welding
British Standards (BS) British Standards are developed, maintained and published by BSI Standards which is UK's National Standards Body.[6] The following is a partial list of standards specific to welding: STANDARD NUMBER DESCRIPTION BS 499-1 Welding terms and symbols. Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting BS 499-2C Welding terms and symbols. European arc welding symbols in chart form BS 2633 Specification for Class I arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying fluids BS 2971 Specification for class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying fluids BS 4515-1 Specification for welding of steel pipelines on land and offshore - Part 1: Carbon and carbon manganese steel pipelines BS 4515-2 Specification for welding of steel pipelines on land and offshore. Duplex stainless steel pipelines PD 6705-2 Structural use of steel and aluminium. Recommendations for the execution of steel bridges to BS EN 1090-2 PD 6705-3 Structural use of steel and aluminium. Recommendations for the execution of aluminium structures to BS EN 1090-3
European Union (CEN) standards The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) had issued numerous standards covering welding processes, which unified and replaced former national standards. Of the former national standards, those issued by BSI and DIN were widely used outside their countries of origin. After the Vienna Agreement with ISO, CEN has replaced most of them with equivalent ISO standards (EN ISO series)
EN 287-1 Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels. Withdrawn and replaced by EN ISO 9606-1 [9] [10]
EN 1090-1 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures EN 1090-3 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures EN 1011-1 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 1: General guidance for arc welding EN 1011-2 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels EN 1011-3 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Arc welding of stainless steels EN 1011-4 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys EN 1011-5 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Welding of clad steel EN 1011-6 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Laser beam welding EN 1011-7 Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 7: Electron beam welding EN 1011-8 Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Welding of cast irons EN 1418 Welding personnel. Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials. (CEN version of ISO 14732) EN 1708-1 Welding. Basic welded joint details in steel. Pressurized components. EN 1708-2 Welding. Basic weld joint details in steel. Non-internal pressurized components. EN 1708-3 Welding. Basic weld joint details in steel. Clad, buttered and lined pressurized components. EN 1993-1-8 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-8: General – Design of joints EN 13133 Brazing - Brazer approval EN 22553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints – Symbolic representation on drawings. (CEN version of ISO 2553)
Additional requirements for welding exist in CEN codes and standards for specific products, like EN 12952, EN 12953, EN 13445, EN 13480, etc.
German Standards (DIN and others)
NA 092 is the Standards Committee for welding and allied processes (NAS) at DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.[11] The following is a partial list of DIN welding standards:
CODE DESCRIPTION
DIN 1910-100 Welding; terms dependent on materials for metal welding
SEW 088 Schweißgeeignete Feinkornbaustähle - Richtlinien für die Verarbeitung besonders für das Schmelzschweißen", Stahlinstitut VDEh
Merkblatt DVS 0916 Metall-Schutzgasschweißen von Feinkornbaustählen", Deutscher Verband für Schweißtechnik e.V.
Table Of Contents Types Of Welding Joints • Tee Welding Joint • Lap Welding Joint • Edge Welding Joint • Corner Welding Joint • Butt Welding Joint • Fillet Welding Joint
1) Tee Joint
Tee welding joints are formed when two members intersect at a 90° angle which makes the edges come together in the center of a plate or component. Tee Joints are considered a type of fillet weld, and can also be made when a pipe or tube is welded onto a base plate. Extra care is required to ensure effective penetration into the roof of the weld
Welding Styles Used To Create T-Joints
• Plug weld • Fillet weld • Bevel-groove weld • Slot weld • Flare-bevel-groove weld • J-groove weld
2) Lap Welding Joint Lap welding joints are used most often to joint two pieces with differing thicknesses together. Also considered a fillet type, the weld can be made on one or both sides. A Lap Joint is formed when 2 pieces are placed in an over lapping pattern on top of each other. Welding Styles Used To Create Butt Joints:
• Slot weld • Plug weld • Bevel-groove weld • Spot weld • Flare-bevel-groove weld • J-groove weld
3) Edge Welding Joint
Edge welding Joints are often applied to sheet metal parts that have flanging edges or are placed at a location where a weld must be made to attach to adjacent pieces. Being a groove type weld, Edge Joints, the pieces are set side by side and welded on the same edge. For heavier applications filler metal is added to melt or fuse the edge completely and to reinforce the plate.
Welding Styles Used To Create Edge Joints:
• Bevel-groove weld • Square-groove weld or butt weld • J-groove weld • V-groove weld • Edge-flange weld • U-groove weld • Corner-flange weld
4) Corner Welding Joint
Corner Joint
Being one of the most popular welds in the sheet metal industry the Corner welding joint is used on the outer edge of the piece. This weld is a type of joint that comes together at right angles between two metal parts to form an L. These are common in the construction of boxes, box frames and similar fabrications.
Welding Styles Used To Create Corner Joints:
• Spot weld • Fillet weld • V-groove weld • Square-groove weld or butt weld • U-groove weld • Bevel-groove weld • Flare-V-groove weld • J-groove weld • Corner-flange weld. • Edge weld 5) Butt Welding Joint
Butt Joint Being the universally accepted method for attaching a pipe to itself it’s also used for valves, flanges, fittings, and other equipment. A butt welding joint is also known as a square grove weld. It’s the easiest and probably the most common weld there is. It consists of two flat pieces that are side by side parallel. It’s a very affordable option.
Welding Styles Used To Create Butt Joints:
• Bevel-groove butt weld • Square-groove butt weld • V-groove butt weld • U-groove butt weld • J-groove butt weld • Flare-bevel-groove butt weld • Flare-V-groove butt weld
6) Fillet Welding Joint
Fillet Welded Joints
Fillet Welded Joints are just another terminology for corner, lap, and tee joints. Fillet Welded Joints are the most common type of welding joint and accounts for nearly 75% of joints made with arc welding. You do not need to prepare the edge and this type of joint make it easy to weld piping systems. Butt welds are more expensive than fillet welds. Fillet welds are mostly used in piping systems to join pipe to socket joints. Joint Preparation Welding joints can be prepared in numerous ways including: • Casting • Shearing • Machining • Forging • Filing • Stamping • Oxyacetylene cutting (thermal cutting process) • Routing • Grinding • Plasma arc cutting (thermal cutting process)