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This page is about the modern Egyptian line of succession under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. For the list of royal heirs of Ancient Egypt, see Category:Heirs to the ancient Egyptian throne.

Lead section

The last time Egypt had known a hereditary form of government was under the Mamluks, especially from 1279 to 1382, when power was in the hands of a single family, the house of Qalawun.

• Imperial Firman of 1 June 1841 [1]
• Imperial Firman of 27 May 1866
• Royal Edict of 13 April 1922

Advantages and disadvantages of seniority and primogeniture

Khanki

The position of heir to the throne carried with it many privileges. The heir to the Egyptian throne had his own standard, his own maritime flag and his own air force flag. If not in the direct line, the heir presumptive was entitled to the qualification of Royal Highness. When he became heir presumptive in 1936, Prince Mohamed Aly was thus granted the qualification of Royal Highness, the only member of the Royal Family who was not a king's child to receive such an honour. The remuneration of the position was also quite generous: when the aforementioned Prince Mohamed Aly became heir presumptive for the third time in August 1952, his attributed salary was about $33,500 a year, which is the equivalent of $272,000 in 2009 dollars.

Things to do

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• Write introductory paragraph for "Male primogeniture"
• Write footnote c
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Agnatic seniority (1841–1866)

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was granted hereditary control over Egypt through the Imperial Hatti-Sheriff of 12 January 1841, confirmed by the Firman of 1 June 1841.

Heir ascended the throne (light grey background)

Heir	Portrait	Relationship with reigning monarch	Became heir to the throne		Ceased to be heir to the throne
			Reason	Date	Date	Reason
Ibrahim Pacha إبراهيم باشا		Son of Mohamed Aly (heir apparent)	Hereditary succession established	1 June 1841 (aged 51–52 yrs)	20 July 1848 (aged 58–59 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Wāli of Egypt[a]
Abbas Hilmi Pacha عباس حلمي باشا		Nephew of Ibrahim Pacha (heir apparent)	Second oldest male in the dynasty	20 July 1848 (aged 36 yrs)	10 November 1848 (aged 36 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Wāli of Egypt[b]
Mohamed Saïd Pacha محمد سعيد باشا		Half-uncle of Abbas Hilmi I (heir apparent)	Second oldest male in the dynasty	10 November 1848 (aged 26 yrs)	13 July 1854 (aged 32 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Wāli of Egypt
Ahmed Rifaat Pacha أحمد رفعت باشا		Half-nephew of Saïd Pacha (heir apparent)	Second oldest male in the dynasty	13 July 1854 (aged 28 yrs)	15 May 1858 (aged 32 yrs)	Accidental death[c]
Ismaïl Pacha إسماعيل باشا		Half-nephew of Saïd Pacha (heir apparent)	Second oldest male in the dynasty	15 May 1858 (aged 28 yrs)	18 January 1863 (aged 33 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Wāli of Egypt
Moustafa Bahgat Fadel Pacha مصطفى بهجت فاضل باشا		Half-brother of Ismaïl Pacha (heir apparent)	Second oldest male in the dynasty	18 January 1863 (aged 32 yrs)	27 May 1866 (aged 36 yrs)	New rules of succession[d]

Male primogeniture (1866–1952)

Bribes of three million pounds sterling. Increase of 280,000 pounds to the tribute. The new system followed European customs but was a complete break with Islamic tradition. Only direct descendants of Isma'il.

Heir ascended the throne (light grey background)

Heir	Portrait	Relationship with reigning monarch	Became heir to the throne		Ceased to be heir to the throne
			Reason	Date	Date	Reason
Tewfik Pacha توفيق باشا		Son of Ismaïl Pacha (heir apparent)	Agnatic seniority replaced by male primogeniture	27 May 1866 (aged 14 yrs)	26 June 1879 (aged 27 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Khedive of Egypt
Abbas Hilmi عباس حلمي		Son of Tewfik Pacha (heir apparent)	Father's ascension to the throne	26 June 1879 (aged 4 yrs)	7 January 1892 (aged 17 yrs)	Ascended the throne as Khedive of Egypt
Mohamed Aly (1st time) محمد علي		Brother of Abbas Hilmi II (heir presumptive)	Closest male relative of sonless khedive	7 January 1892 (aged 16 yrs)	20 February 1899 (aged 23 yrs)	Birth of an heir apparent
Mohamed Abdel Moneim محمد عبد المنعم		Son of Abbas Hilmi II (heir apparent)	Birth	20 February 1899	19 December 1914 (aged 15 yrs)	Rules of succession suspended by the British[e]
British Protectorate[f] No heir (1914–1922)
Farouk, Prince of the Sa'id فاروق		Son of Fouad I (heir apparent)	New rules of succession[g]	13 April 1922 (aged 2 yrs 2 mos)	28 April 1936 (aged 16 yrs)	Ascended the throne as King of Egypt
Mohamed Aly (2nd time) محمد علي		First cousin of Farouk I (heir presumptive)	Closest male relative of sonless king[h]	28 April 1936 (aged 60 yrs)	16 January 1952 (aged 76 yrs)	Birth of an heir apparent
Ahmed Fouad, Prince of the Sa'id أحمد فؤاد		Son of Farouk I (heir apparent)	Birth	16 January 1952	26 July 1952 (aged 6 mos 10 days)	Ascended the throne as King of Egypt and the Sudan

As a result of the July 1952 Revolution, King Farouk I abdicated in favour of his six-month-old son and heir apparent Ahmad Fouad, who ascended the throne as King Fouad II on 26 July. However, Farouk took his infant son with him when he departed for exile. Fouad II thus only reigned as a nominal king-in-exile until the monarchy was formally abolished on 18 June 1953.

It is unclear whether there was an official heir to the throne during this ten-month reign. Most sources assert that Prince Mohamed Aly only had two tenures as heir presumptive (1892–99 and 1936–52). However, some contemporary sources seem to suggest that he became heir for a third time during Fouad II's reign. The confusion arises from the fact that the Regency Council formally approved that he be proclaimed heir presumptive, while military authorities objected on the grounds that Parliament alone was competent to deal with the question. In any case, Prince Mohamed Aly would have exercised very little power as heir, unlike during his two previous tenures, for he left for Switzerland on 16 September 1952, never to return to Egypt.

Ex-King Ahmed Fouad II currently lives in exile. His heir apparent is his eldest son Prince Mohamed Aly, born in Cairo on 5 February 1979. Although the prince uses the title of Prince of the Sa'id, he is merely addressed as such as a form of courtesy: the title carries no legal force because Egypt's republican government does not recognize royal titles.

See also

• List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty

Notes

a^ : Ibrahim Pacha presided the Regency Council that was formed on 15 April 1848 to run Egypt due to his father Mohamed Aly's declining physical and mental health. Legal documents were still written in the latter's name; however, Ibrahim Pacha became the de facto ruler of the country from this moment on. On 20 July of the same year, an extraordinary envoy of Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I arrived in Alexandria with the firman by which the Porte recognized Ibrahim Pacha as Egypt's new wāli. Ibrahim then travelled to Istanbul, where his investiture took place on 25 August in the presence of the Ottoman Sultan. However, his reign was very brief, and his death occurred shortly after his return to Cairo. He died on 10 November 1848 due to ill health, thus predeceasing his father.

b^ : Because Abbas Hilmi Pacha was considered cruel, his uncle Ibrahim Pacha exiled him in the Hejaz throughout the duration of his reign. Abbas thus spent his tenure as heir apparent outside Egypt, and was only able to come back after Ibrahim's death on 10 November 1848. Abbas ascended the throne following his return to Egypt on 24 November.

c^ : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Ahmed Rifaat

d^ : The Imperial Firman of 27 May 1866, which replaced agnatic seniority with male primogeniture in descent from Ismaïl Pacha, effectively disinherited Ismaïl's half-brother Moustafa Bahgat Fadel Pacha, hitherto heir apparent, as well as his half-uncle Mohamed Abdel Halim Pacha, who came next in the line of succession. Accordingly, both bitterly opposed the change. Moustafa Fadel, already known for his liberal opinions, took his revenge by leaving for France and sending the Ottoman sultan—Ismaïl's legal suzerain—an open letter in which he drew attention to the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and mercilessly attacked the government. During his exile in Istanbul, Moustafa Fadel was one of the most prominent members of the social elite, colloquially known as "the Egyptians," and played an important role in the founding of the Young Turks movement. As for Halim Pacha, he had initially been on relatively good terms with Ismaïl until the end of 1865, but broke with him over questions of property and the succession. He was thus thrown together with Moustafa Fadel, though the two seem never to have been intimate. They collaborated in a failed attempt to depose Ismaïl. After Moustafa Fadel's death in 1875, Halim Pacha became the principal pretender to the throne in the event of a revocation of the Firman of 1866. His claim to the Egyptian throne was pursued by his son Mohamed Saïd Halim.

e^ : Following the outbreak of World War I, the British deposed Khedive Abbas Hilmi II while he was on a visit to Vienna. Egypt became a sultanate and was proclaimed a protectorate of the United Kingdom. Abbas Hilmi II's half-uncle Hussein Kamel was chosen by the British as Egypt's new sultan. Abbas Hilmi II's son Prince Mohamed Abd El-Moneim had hitherto always been acknowledged as the heir apparent. Accordingly, Abbas Hilmi denied the legality of the British government's action. The British maintained that by choosing Hussein Kamel, they were complying with Muslim law, whereby the heir is the eldest representative of the family. When the Royal Edict of 13 April 1922 was issued, its third article specifically excluded Abbas Hilmi II from the succession given his history of animosity towards the British. However, the article added that "this exception shall not apply to his sons and their progeny." Prince Mohamed Abd El-Moneim thus remained eligible for the throne; on the eve of the July 1952 Revolution, he was third in the line of succession, after his second cousin Ahmed Fouad and his uncle Mohamed Aly. After the revolution, Prince Abdel Moneim chaired the regency body established due to infant King Fouad II's minority, and later became sole prince regent until the abolition of the monarchy.

f^ : Several reliable sources mistakenly assert that Hussein Kamel's son Kamal el Dine Hussein held the position of heir during his father's three-year reign. In reality, Hussein Kamel had agreed with the British government upon his ascension to the throne to postpone the establishment of new rules of succession for the sultanate, meaning that the position of heir to the throne remained vacant. The succession issue was discussed between Hussein Kamel and British High Commissioner Henry McMahon in May 1915 in the wake of the failed assassination attempt against the sultan. Hussein Kamel preferred to be succeeded by his son Kamal el Dine, but also recommended his half-brother Ahmed Fouad and his cousin Youssef Kamal in case Kamal el Dine were unwilling to assume the position of heir. For his part, Kamal el Dine wrote a letter to his father in which he expressly and voluntarily renounced his rights to the throne, a first in Egyptian history. On 21 September 1917, three weeks before Hussein Kamel's death, the British chose Ahmed Fouad as his successor. However, they first requested that Kamal el Dine make a formal renunciation of the throne, in order for the United Kingdom not to appear in the eyes of the Egyptian public as having deprived him of his legitimate rights. Although there were rumours that Kamel el Dine had declined the succession under the influence of his wife Nimet Allah (who did not recognize the legitimacy of her brother Abbas Hilmi II's dethronement), most historians explain his decision by his unwillingness to reign under a British protectorate which he strongly opposed. Others give more mundane reasons, pointing out that the prince asked to be relieved of responsibility in order to be able to pursue an exciting life of discovery and travel.

g^ : When Fouad was chosen by the British to become Egypt's new Sultan following the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917, this was made on the understanding that the order of succession to the Sultanate remained to be settled, and that the right of succession of the heirs of Fouad would be established by agreement between the British government and the new sultan. Upon the birth of Fouad's son Farouk in 1920, the United Kingdom recognized the newborn prince as the heir to the Sultanate of Egypt, which was still a British protectorate. The protectorate ended in 1922, and Egypt became a nominally independent kingdom. Fouad's first act as King of Egypt was to issue on 13 April 1922 a 13-article edict laying out the "order of hereditary succession in the house of Mohamed Aly." Its first article unambiguously stated that "the heir to the throne following my death shall be our beloved son, Prince Farouk." On 12 December 1933, Farouk was granted the title of Prince of the Sa'id (meaning Prince of Upper Egypt), which was henceforth used by Egyptian heirs apparent.

h^ : Prince Mohamed Aly became heir presumptive for the second time when his cousin Farouk was proclaimed King of Egypt on 28 April 1936. The 16-year-old king, who was studying in the United Kingdom when his father Fouad I died, was rushed back to Egypt aboard the RMS Viceroy of India, and one of his first actions upon his arrival in Cairo was to recognize as his heir his cousin Mohamed Aly. Due to Farouk's minority, a Regency Council was established and party leaders chose Prince Mohamed Aly to be its president. The Council was formally sworn in on 8 May 1936, and ceased to exist when Farouk reached his age of majority on 29 July 1937. For a period of 14 months, Mohamed Aly thus held the positions of heir presumptive and President of the Regency Council simultaneously.

References

General

• Khanki, Aziz. "ولاية العهد وأولياء العهد في أسرة محمد علي" (Reprint). AlMussawar (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
• "Mohamed Ali's Dynasty". Rulers of Egypt. Egypt State Information Service. Retrieved 2008-11-29.

Specific

Bibliography

• Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774245794. OCLC 237384904.
• Marlowe, John (1974). Spoiling the Egyptians (snippet view). London: A. Deutsch. ISBN 9780233966014. OCLC 1335003.
• Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). "The Royal House of Egypt". Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. Volume II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. pp. 20–37. ISBN 9780850110296. OCLC 18496936. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Sinoué, Gilbert (1997). Le dernier pharaon: Méhémet-Ali, 1770–1849 (in French). Paris: Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet. ISBN 9782857045175. OCLC 38566144.
• Toledano, Ehud R. (2003). State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Library. Vol. Volume 22. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521534536. OCLC 51000954. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)