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Gilan War
Part of Persian Constitutional Revolution and Persian Campaign

A mass photo of forest movement leaders in the first period
Date3 May 1907 – 5 January 1921
Location
Iran
Result Constitutional victory, 1909
Iqbal ol-Saltanah Makui was executed, 1913
The first period of the Jungle Movement of Gilan failed, 1919
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was created and extinct, 1920
Belligerents

Counter-revolutionary forces: 1907–1919:
Qajar dynasty
Russian Empire Russian Empire (1909-1917)[1]

Qajar dynasty

British Empire British Empire

Revolutionary forces: 1907–1911:
Sattar Committee
Mujahideen
Liberation Army(Until 1910) 1911–1913:
Gilan separation from Iran

Mujahideen

1914–1919:
The first period Jungle Movement of Gilan

Jungle revolutionaries

1919–1920:
Second period Jungle Movement

Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
Communist Party of Persia

Supported by: Soviet Russia (1920)

1921:
Peasants' Revolt

Gilak Peasants' Revolt
Commanders and leaders
1907–1909:
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Vladimir Liakhov
Mohammed Ali Sardar Afkham †(1907–1909)
Ilya Paskevich(1909)
Rahimkhan Chalabianloo †(1909)
1910–1911:
Ilya Paskevich
Abdol Majid Mirza
Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
1911–1913:
Nikolay Vadbolsky
Shoja' Nezam Marandi
Samad Shuja al-Dawlah
1914–1921:
Reza Khan
Nikolai Baratov
Lazar Bicherakhov
Lionel Dunsterville
Vossug ed Dowleh
Vsevolod Starosselsky		 1907–1909:
Sardar Mohya
Yeprem Khan(1909)
Mirza Rostam Bey †
1910–1911:
Sardar Mohya
Mirza Karim Khan Rashti
Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui
1911–1913:
Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui Executed
Sardar Mohya Executed
Mirza Karim Khan Rashti
1914–1920:
Mirza Kuchik Khan †
Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
Heshmat Taleqani †
Haydar Khan Amo-oghli †(1920)
1921:
Mashti Peveri
Strength
Counter-revolutionary forces:
2,000 – 2500		 Revolutionary forces: 2000 – 2500
Casualties and losses

1769 Governmental force killed [2]

259 Russian force killed [2]

523 Armenian killed [2]

2000-3000 Gilaks killed (civilian and military) [2]

Gilan War (Persian: جنگ گیلان) was a major armed war that lasted for almost fourteen years from 1907 to 1921. The scope of this war was limited to Gilan province in northern Iran and sometimes around it. It was in the beginning of the war in 1907 that the people of Guilan, especially Rasht, secretly smuggled weapons to support the constitutionalists of other cities.[3] But the first military conflict in 1909 was when the Mujahideen of Guilan, led by Sardar Mohya and Yeperm Khan, attacked the palace of Mohammed Ali Sardar Afkham, killing Sardar Afkham and his guests and seizing control of Rasht.[4] However, the same year, a dispute broke out between Sardar Mohya and Yeperm Khan, which led to a month-long street fight in Rasht and the imminent executions of Yeprem Khan's forces.[5] In late 1909, the Mujahideen seized all of Gilan and joined the rest of the Constitutionalists.

In 1911, the Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh Makui, whit From Makoyian dynasty and self-styled ruler of Maku, was ousted by the constitution.[6][7] He came to Rasht and, with Sardar Mohya, tried to revive his kingdom, which turned into a war that lasted two years.[8] Eventually Iqbal al-Saltanah and his companions were arrested and executed in Masuleh. The ideas of Iqbal al-Saltanah's separation and his dream of forming a Ispahbads of Gilan government were the effects of Gilan nationalism in the 1880s.[9][10]

One year after the execution of Iqbal-ol-Saltaneh, one of his contemporaries, Mirza Kochik Khan, in Lowshan, rebelled against the central government.[11] Mirza Kochik Khan's uprising coincided with World War I, when Russia and Britain invaded Iran from the north and south without permission from the central government, and the Ottomans were looting Iranian cities from the west.[12] Mirza Kochik Khan resisted the Russian army and defeated the Russians in the battle of Maklavan.[13] Mirza Kochik Khan's goal at the start of the Jungle movement was to "expel foreign forces, eliminate injustice, fight authoritarianism and despotism and establish a popular state."[14] The first period of the forest movement ends with the death of key leaders such as Heshmat Taleqani, but in 1919 Mirza Kochik Khan prepares himself for another war.[15][16]

With the beginning of the second period of the forest movement, the most violent period of the Gilan war begins.[17] By the time the second period of the forest movement began, the Bolsheviks had come to power in Russia. People such as Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar and Haydar Khan Amo-oghli, who were influenced by the Russian Revolution, joined Mirza Kochik Khan.[18] The forest movement, originally intended to liberate Iran from the grip of foreign governments, was now becoming another Marxist-Leninist revolution.[19] Mirza Kochik Khan forms the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic after the conquest of Rasht. Trotsky in a Telegraph congratulates the formation of this republic personally.[20] Mirza Kochik Khan sends several delegates to Moscow. In 1920, Reza Khan, Sardar Sepah, invades Rasht to end the revolution. Mirza Kochik Khan and his forces flee Rasht to reclaim Rasht at the right time. But eventually, with the assassination of Amo-oghli, Mirza Kochik Khan's forces are dispersed, and Mirza Kochik Khan himself escapes to the Talesh Mountains, but eventually dies on 2 December 1921 in the snow and snow of Talash Mountains.[21][22] With the death of Mirza Kochik Khan, the forest movement collapses.

After the defeat of the forest movement, the Gilan war officially ended and for a short time there was a small uprising in Gilan's place for Mirza Kochik Khan's revenge. This The Great War is often cited as one of the most important political events of the late Qajar era.[23][24] In this war, one third of the population of Gilan died or were displaced.[25][26] The Gilan war was the first serious move against the monarchy in Iran.[27] The Gilan war also paved the way for other uprisings, such as the uprising of Mohammad Khiabani.[28]

Before the war begins, 1905-1907 edit

Famine and cholera (1905) edit

In the late Qajar era, major famines occurred throughout Iran.[29] In 1905, most of the northern part of Iran became involved in a major famine. The pest destroyed the plants and the rice became scarce.[30] With the famine, cholera has spread to Rasht and has spread to all of Gilan until late November.[31] From Rasht, some delegates were sent to Majlis for famine and cholera, but the delegates received no response from Majlis.[32] The peak of famine was in December 1905, when three people died per hour.[32] The famine ended in mid-1906, [33] though by 1907 in some parts of Gilan Cholera had maintained its power. The famine and cholera of 1905 are estimated to have destroyed about a quarter of the population of northern Iran.[34] One of the most important causes of the beginning of the Gilan war was the great famine of 1905.[35]

Russian Empire interventions in Gilan (1906-1907) edit

 
Gilan ruler Mirza Saleh Khan Asif al-Dawlah, who presented Gilan to Colonel Igor Borokilov.

Since the time of Peter the Great, the Russian Empire had been thinking about conquering the northern parts of Iran, especially Gilan.[36] These northern territories had several benefits for Russia: 1. Access to the Caspian Sea.[37] 2. Access to Iranian rice sources of food and as a result of not starving Russian troops.[38] Even Peter the Great occupied Rasht, but with the death of Peter the Great and the signing of the Treaty of Resht the Russians left Rasht and Peter the Great's plan failed.[39] Later, the Russian Empire fought against Iran in two other wars between 1826-1828 and 1804-1813 and captured much of Iran but failed to conquer Gilan.[40]

In 1906 Russian troops entered Gilan without permission from the Iranian government.[41][42] Russian soldiers looted Rasht, and the central government failed to do anything. Gilan was somehow under colonial rule by the Russians.[43] Gilan then-ruler, Mirza Saleh Asif al-Dawlah, cooperated with the Russians for fear of dismissal and gave all authority to Russian envoy Colonel Igor Borolikov.[44] The colonization of Gilan by the Russians was one of the important reasons for Gilan to join the constitutionalists and later the Gilan war.

Bandar Anzali Fishermen Revolt (1906) edit

Main article: Bandar Anzali Fishermen Revolt

After the Gilan conquered by Russian Empire, Colonel Igor Borolikov greatly increased prices due to the famine and scarcity of rice and bread, and on his orders caught fish used only for consumption by the Russian army.[45] And the fishermen didn't get any money from the fish.[46] On November 21, 1906, a hundred fishermen in the port of Anzali began to protest. The Russian army fired on the fishermen and killed about 60 fishermen.[47] Majlis representatives have called on the government to investigate the Anzali fishermen's complaint.[48] However, when instead of dealing with Borolikov, Mohammad Ali Shah signed a letter of intent with Stefan Lianazov giving all the fish to the Russian army without any concessions to the Iranian fishermen.[49] On November 24, fishermen looted the Regiment, and clashes broke out between the Russian army and fishermen, which eventually suppressed the fishermen.[50]

Gilan in the Constitutional Revolution, 1907-1911 edit

Appointment of Sardar Afkham as Gilan ruler edit

After Mohammad Ali Shah sat on the throne, he had a good relationship with the Russians and asked them to leave Rasht.[51] Colonel Borokilov agreed to leave Rasht on one condition, he asked Muhammad Ali Shah to give Fuman to the Russians, and Mohammad Ali Shah agreed.[52] On August 14, 1907, Colonel Borokilov and his troops left Rasht for Fuman. A few days later, Mohammed Ali Sardar Afkham moved to Rasht from Tabriz as governor.[53] Mohammad Ali Shah had complete confidence in Sardar Afkham that he hoped to get rid of the constitutionalism in Gilan by the arrival of Sardar Afkham.

On the other hand, the people of Rasht thought that Sardar Afkham would eliminate the poverty that had reached its peak since the Russians. However, just two days after Sardar Afkham arrived in Rasht, he proved that he was seeking to eliminate freedom in Gilan.[54] Sardar Afkham started his career by executing two prominent constitutionalist supporters of Rasht, Haji Mohammad Khan and Mir Ali Rashti, and seizing their property.[55][56] Some people in Rasht decided to confront Sardar Afkham. They protested how Sardar Afkham was managed, but his forces arrested people. Some clerics, such as Mullah Mohammad Khamami and Sheikh Ali Foumani, tried to destroy the constitution by "Europeanizing" it.[57][58]

Start the war edit

Main article: Battle of Rasht
See also: Battle of Fuman
 
Yeprem Khan

One year after the bombardment of the Majlis, the Gilan Mujahideen, led by a named Sardar Mohya, decided to revolt against Sardar Afkham. Sardar Afkham tyranny had made the people of Gilan decide to confront him. Sardar Afkham had a palace in the north of Rasht where large parties were held. He had another palace in the center of Rasht Sardar Afkham had turned the palace into a center of thugs and repressors to counter possible riots. For this reason, the Mujahideen of Gilan, including members of the Sattar Committee, decided to eliminate Sardar Afkham by any means possible.
A few days before the attack on the Sardar Afkham Palace, Yeprem Khan joined the Mujahideen of Guilan with ammunition. Sardar Afkham received a party in his palace on January 23, with people such as Sepahalar Moin al-Dawlah attending. The Mujahideen of Gilan moved from the three points, first to the house of Yusuf Khan (deputy of the Divan), the second to the garden of Haji Vakil and the third to the house of Mirza Karim Khan. Fifteen of them then stormed into the palace with Sardar Mohya. The rest of the mujahideen, led by Yeprem Khan, went downtown to clash with the law enforcement. The insurgents killed all the guests and guards. Sardar Afkham fell to the ground as he tried to flee and then was killed by bayonets, knives and other things.

After Sardar Afkham was killed, the Mujahideen fought with the city's security forces, and after the victory over them, Rasht fell to the Mojahedin.[32] After the assassination of Sardar Afkham and Rasht occupation by the revolutionaries, Yeperm Khan and Sardar Mohya were preparing to join Sattar Khan.[59] But then the dispute broke out for a while, causing a conflict.[60] Yeprem Khan battled with Sardar Mohya for two months and fled Rasht on March 10, after which Sardar Mohya and his forces took full control of Rasht. Prior to the outright defeat, Yeprem Khan's forces executed many of opponents to the constitution, including Mullah Mohammad Khamami.[61]

Fuman was occupied by the Russians in 1907. After Yeperm Khan escaped from Rasht, Sardar Mohya appointed Mirza Rostam Bey as a representative in Rasht and went to Fuman with troops. On April 11[62], the Mujahideen surrounded Fuman, but was met with intense resistance by Russian forces. Igor Borolikov was much more experienced than Sardar Mohya and was restraining the Mujahideen. However, after some time of siege, the food in Fuman was reduced. On May 7, food reached its lowest level. Borolikov made a trap that allowed Sardar Mohya troops to enter the city and then Russian troops fought with them, and in battle, Borolikov fled Fuman.[63] The defeat of the Russians in Fuman led the Russian Empire to seriously enter the Constitutional Revolution and the Gilan War.

First siege of Rasht edit

Main article: First Siege of Rasht


Reasons edit

Nationalism of Gilaks edit

 
Sardar Rafie Yanehsari agreed to unite the people of Gilan, Mazandaran and Esterabad and form a Gilak government.[64]

Perhaps the most important reason for the start of this fourteen year war is the nationalism of the Gilkes.[65] Gilak writers have been referring to Gilak's past honors before the Constitutional Movement. Ebrahim Khan Sharaf al-Dawlah mentioned in his book "Past Remembrance" the unity of the people of Gilan and the remembrance of Spahbed Khorshid.[66] Lahijani author, Mirza Rahim Khan Gholi Khan, says in his famous book "The Rise and Fall": "The Gilak people must remember their identity."[67] The intellectual movement of praise played a large role in promoting nationalism among the Gilaks.[68] At the beginning of the reign of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, schools were established in Rasht to promote Gilak nationalism.[69]

Politician and ophthalmologist Dr. Esmaeil Marzban was a supporter of Gilan nationalism and wrote several books on it.[70] The promotion of nationalism between Mazanis and Gilaks was culminated by Sardar Rafie Yanehsari. Sardar Rafie founded several newspapers in Mazandaran, Esterabad and Gilan, all of which promoted this idea.[71] Sardar Rafie Yanehsari somehow defied the central government and released a speech by intellectuals like Hassan Roshdieh[72] in Gilan.[73][74] Later Iqbal ol-Saltanah Makui declared independence from the central government by using the Gilak nationalism.[75]

Gilan and Tabarestan Independent Governments and Zaynal Ebrahim revolt edit

 
Map of Tabarestan and Gilan in 1636 by Hondius Jodocus and Janssonius Johannes
 
Gilan in 1787 by Rigobert Bonne

Tabarestan and Gilan have always maintained their independence from the collapse of the Sassanid Empire to the Safavid era. During the Rise of Tabaristan, they resisted the Abbasid empire, which eventually led to the victory of Tabaristan and Gilan.[76] At the time of the Safavids, the Gilan and Tabarestan regional families were destroyed and these independent areas fell to the Safavids.[77] In the Safavid era Tabaristan was ruled by the Marashis[78] and Paduspanids[79][80] and Gilan ruled by the Karkiya[81]. Shah Abbas I, known as Abbas the Great and his successor Shah Safi, destroyed these local dynasties in an attack on Tabarestan and Gilan, and subjugated northern Iran after a thousand years of central government.[82] After the central government took control of Tabaristan and Gilan, there were numerous riots in the area even after the fall of the Safavid dynasty to gain power. For example, the uprising of Naeem Shah Kelardashti and Zulfiqar Khan in Tabaristan, which caused widespread riots throughout Tabaristan, eventually led to defeat.[83] Zaynal Ebrahim was the biggest rebel in Gilan. During the Iran-Russia war, he conquered Deylam, Deilman, Rankoh, and Masouleh along with countless. His goal was to create a patriotic government.[84] Zaynal Ebrahim and his men were besieged by Russian forces in Masouleh and According to a narrative, fought to the end and killed.[85] After he was killed, Zaynal Ebrahim became a hero among the Gilk people, and his story of fighting the Russians made him a semi-legendary figure.[86] According to some historians, the story of Zaynal Ebrahim also influenced the rise of Mirza Koch Khan.[87]

Persecution of Zoroastrians edit

Main article: Persecution of Zoroastrians

After the fall of the Sassanid Empire and the arrival of Islam in Iran, the northern parts of Zoroastrian Iran remained.[88] Many of the local dynasties of Tabarestan and Gilan were originally Zoroastrian and later converted to Islam.[89][45] Even after the Zoroastrian rulers converted to Islam, Zoroastrianism still had a special influence and respect among the people of that region.[90] The persecution of Zoroastrians reached its peak during the Qajar era.[91] One of the most important Zoroastrians in the Guilan war was Sardar Mohya, who was tired of oppression against the Zoroastrians and eventually took command of the constitutional forces.[92]

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