Table edit
Preliminary note edit
- Every Arabic letter has four presentations forms according to its position in a text string: isolated, intital, medial, final.
- Some letters lack initial and medial forms, this is shown with an m-dash.
- Presentations forms of additional letters are written like the forms of the basic letters.
- Some letters have particular forms, it will be shown below.
- If the first value shown without the language name then it's used in the most languages (to list them all is unpractical). Then goes deviations from the letter basic value.
- Only values of Modern Standard Arabic shown for simplicity's sake. See Varieties of Arabic for phonology of particular dialects.
- The Arabic scripts of the Turkic languages of the former USSR were written similarly to Tatar before the 1930th, so they are not listed.
Basic alphabet edit
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | Unicode | Character | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ﺎ | ﺍ | U+0627 | ا | Arabic /ʔ, aː/, Persian/Dari /ʔ, ɔ, æ, Ø/, Kurdish /ɐ/, Malay /Ø/, Mozarabic /h/, Pashto /ʔ, Ø, ə, ɑ(ː), i, u/, Sindhi /ɑ/, Turkish /ɑ, Ø; o/, e, Urdu /ɑ, ə/, Uyghur /ɑ/, Chinese /ɑ~a/ ⟨a⟩ | ||
| ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ | ﺏ | U+0628 | ب | /b/, Turkish /b, p/, Chinese /b~p/ ⟨b⟩ |
| ﺔ | — | — | ﺓ | U+0629 | ة | Arabic /-at/ |
| ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ | ﺕ | U+062A | ت | /t/, Chinese /tʰ/ ⟨t⟩ |
| ﺚ | ﺜ | ﺛ | ﺙ | U+062B | ث | Arabic /θ/, Mozarabic /t/, Chinese /tɕʰ, ɕ/ ⟨q, x⟩, others /s/ |
| ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ | ﺝ | U+062C | ج | /dʒ/, Mozarabic /tʃ/, Tatar /ʓ/, Turkish /dʒ, tʃ/, Chinese /ʈʂ/ ⟨zh⟩ |
| ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ | ﺡ | U+062D | ح | Arabic, Kurdish /ħ/, Bosnian /h, x/; Pashto, Persian/Dari, Kashmiri /h, Ø/; Malay, Mozarabic, Sindhi, Turkish, Urdu /h/, Tatar /x/, Chinese /x/ ⟨h⟩ |
| ﺦ | ﺨ | ﺧ | ﺥ | U+062E | خ | Arabic /x~χ/, Kashmiri /kʰ/, Malay /x, k/, Turkish /h/, Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /χ/, Persian, Urdu & others /x/ |
| ﺪ | ﺩ | U+062F | د | /d/, Turkish /d, t/, Chinese /t~d, tɕ/ ⟨d, j⟩ | ||
| ﺬ | ﺫ | U+0630 | ذ | Arabic /ð/, Malay /dz/, Chinese /ts/ ⟨z⟩, others /z/ | ||
| ﺮ | ﺭ | U+0631 | ر | /r/, Chinese /-ɻ/ ⟨-r⟩ | ||
| ﺰ | ﺯ | U+0632 | ز | /z/, Malay /z, dʒ/ | ||
| ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ | ﺱ | U+0633 | س | /s/, Chinese /s, ɕ/ ⟨s, x⟩ |
| ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ | ﺵ | U+0634 | ش | /ʃ/, Chinese /ʂ, ɕ/ ⟨sh, x⟩ |
| ﺺ | ﺼ | ﺻ | ﺹ | U+0635 | ص | Arabic /sˤ/, Malay /t/, others /s/ |
| ﺾ | ﻀ | ﺿ | ﺽ | U+0636 | ض | Arabic /dˤ/, Turkish /z, d/, others /z/ |
| ﻂ | ﻄ | ﻃ | ﻁ | U+0637 | ط | Arabic /tˤ/, Turkish /t, d/, Chinese /ts/ ⟨z⟩, Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /tʼ/, others /t/ |
| ﻆ | ﻈ | ﻇ | ﻅ | U+0638 | ظ | Arabic /zˤ/, Chinese /ts/ ⟨z⟩, others /z/ |
| ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ | ﻉ | U+0639 | ع | Arabic /ʕ/, Persian/Dari, Kashmiri /ʔ, Ø/, Pashto /ʔ, Ø, ɑ/, Malay, Sindhi /Ø/, Urdu /C_ɑ; Ø, ʔ, ə/, Turkish /Ø, ɑ/, Tatar /ɣ/, Chinese /ə~ɤ/ ⟨e⟩ |
| ﻎ | ﻐ | ﻏ | ﻍ | U+063A | غ | Arabic /ɣ~ʁ/, Persian/Dari /ɣ, q, ɢ, x/, Pashto, Sindhi, Urdu, Tatar, Uyghur /ɣ/, Kashmiri, Bosnian, Hausa /ɡ/, Turkish /ɣ, ɡ, k, h/, Malay /ɣ, r/ |
| ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ | ﻑ | U+0641 | ف | /f/, Kashmiri /f, pʰ/, Malay /f, p/, Hausa /β/ |
| ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ | ﻕ | U+0642 | ق | /q/, Dari, Persian /q, ɢ/, Kashmiri, Malay /k/, Hausa /kʼ/, Chinese /k~ɡ/ ⟨g⟩, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /qʼ/ |
| ﻚ | ﻜ | ﻛ | ﻙ | U+0643 | ك | /k/, Turkish /k, j/ |
| ﮏ | ﮑ | ﮐ | ﮎ | U+06A9 | ک | Arabic variant of kaf /k/, Sindhi /kʰ/, Persian & others /k/, Chinese /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩ |
| ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ | ﻝ | U+0644 | ل | /l/ |
| ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ | ﻡ | U+0645 | م | /m/, Chinese /m~n/ ⟨m, n⟩ |
| ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ | ﻥ | U+0646 | ن | /n/ |
| ﻪ | ﻬ | ﻫ | ﻩ | U+0647 | ه | /h/, Persian/Dari /h, Ø, ɛ, æ/, Pashto /h, ɑ, ə, Ø/, Urdu /h, Ø/, Kashmiri /h, ə/, Turkish /ɑ, Ø, i, e/, Chinese /x/ ⟨h⟩ |
| ﻮ | ﻭ | U+0648 | و | /w, uː/, Persian, Urdu & others /o(ː), u(ː), v, w, ʋ/, Chinese /u, ʊ/ ⟨wu-, u⟩, Turkic also /ø, y/ | ||
| ﻰ | — | — | ﻯ | U+0649 | ى | Arabic /-aː/ |
| ﻲ | ﻴ | ﻳ | ﻱ | U+064A | ي | /j, iː/, others /j, i(ː)~ɪ(ː), e(ː)~ɛ(ː)/, Turkic also /ɨ~ʉ~ɯ~ɤ/ |
Additional letters edit
| Derived from | Unicode | Letter | Value | Unicode name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا | U+0773 | ݳ | Burushaski /a/ | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE | [1] |
| ا | U+0774 | ݴ | Burushaski /aːː/ | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE | [1] |
| ا | U+08AD | ࢭ | Tatar /ɑ/ | ARABIC LETTER LOW ALEF | [2] |
| ب | U+066E | ٮ | compatibility | ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS BEH | [3] |
| ب | U+067B | ٻ | Sindhi, Marwari, Hausa /ɓ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEEH | [4] |
| ب | U+067E | پ | Persian & others /p/, Chinese /pʰ/ ⟨p⟩ | ARABIC LETTER PEH | |
| ب | U+0680 | ڀ | Sindhi /bʱ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEHEH | [4] |
| ب | U+0750 | ݐ | Pulaar (Mali) ⟨ƴ⟩ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS HORIZONTALLY BELOW | [5] |
| ب | U+0751 | ݑ | Pulaar /p/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE | [5] |
| ب | U+0752 | ݒ | Comoro, Hausa, Pulaar (Senegal) /ɓ/, Sindhi (old) /ʈʰ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW | [5] [4] |
| ب | U+0753 | ݓ | Hausa /c/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW AND TWO DOTS ABOVE | [5] |
| ب | U+0754 | ݔ | Pulaar (Mali, Senegal) /ɲ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [5] |
| ب | U+0755 | ݕ | Serer /ɓ̥/ ⟨ƥ⟩ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH INVERTED SMALL V BELOW | [5] |
| ب | U+0756 | ݖ | Songhoy-Zarma, Pulaar-Fulfulde /c/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V | [5] |
| ب | U+08A0 | ࢠ | Pulaar, Serer, Balant (Senegal) /ɓ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V BELOW | [6] |
| ب | U+08A1 | ࢡ | Adamawa Fulfulde (Cameroon) /ɓ/ | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [6] |
| ت | U+0679 | ٹ | Balochi, Brahui, Marwari, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu /ʈ/ | ARABIC LETTER TTEH | |
| ت | U+067A | ٺ | Sindhi /ʈʰ/, Sindhi (old) /ʈ/ | ARABIC LETTER TTEHEH | [4] |
| ت | U+067C | ټ | Pashto, Wakhi /ʈ/ | ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING | [7] |
| ت | U+067D | ٽ | Sindhi /ʈ/ | ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS | [4] |
| ت | U+067F | ٿ | Sindhi /tʰ/, Urdu (old) /ʈ/, Chinese /tɕʰ/ ⟨q⟩ | ARABIC LETTER TEHEH | [8] [4] |
| ج | U+08A2 | ࢢ | Serer /ʄ̊/ | ARABIC LETTER JEEM WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [6] |
| ح | U+0681 | ځ | Pashto, Wakhi /dz/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | |
| ح | U+0682 | ڂ | Pashto (variant) /dz/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH TWO DOTS VERTICAL ABOVE | [7] |
| ح | U+0683 | ڃ | Sindhi /ɲ/, Sindhi (old) /ʄ/, Bosniak /tɕ/, Hausa, Pulaar ⟨ƴ⟩, Wakhi /ɖʐ/, Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /tʃʼ/ | ARABIC LETTER NYEH | [4] [9] |
| ح | U+0684 | ڄ | Sindhi /ʄ/, Sindhi (old) /tʃʰ/, Bosniak /ts/ | ARABIC LETTER DYEH | [4] |
| ح | U+0685 | څ | Pashto /ts/, Pashto (old) /ts~dz/, Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /qʰ?/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [7] [9] |
| ح | U+0686 | چ | /tʃ/, Tatar /ɕ/, Chinese /ʈʂʰ/ ⟨ch⟩, Israel /ɡ/, Maghrebi /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER TCHEH | [10] |
| ح | U+0687 | ڇ | Sindhi /tʃʰ/, Wakhi /ʈʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER TCHEHEH | [4] |
| ح | U+06BF | ڿ | Moplah /ɲ/ | ARABIC LETTER TCHEH WITH DOT ABOVE | [11] |
| ح | U+0757 | ݗ | Songhoy (Niger), Pulaar (Mali) /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [5] |
| ح | U+0758 | ݘ | Songhoy-Zarma (Niger) /c/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW | [5] |
| ح | U+076E | ݮ | Khowar /ɖʐ/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH BELOW | [1] |
| ح | U+076F | ݯ | Khowar /ʈʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [1] |
| ح | U+0772 | ݲ | Torwali /ɖʐ/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE | [1] |
| ح | U+077C | ݼ | Burushaski /tsʰ/ | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR BELOW | [1] |
| د | U+0688 | ڈ | Balochi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu /ɖ/ | ARABIC LETTER DDAL | |
| د | U+0689 | ډ | Pashto /ɖ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING | [7] |
| د | U+068A | ڊ | Sindhi, Arwi /ɖ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW | [4] |
| د | U+068B | ڋ | Saraiki /ɗ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW AND SMALL TAH | |
| د | U+068C | ڌ | Sindhi /dʰ/, Pulaar (Mali) /nd/ | ARABIC LETTER DAHAL | [4] |
| د | U+068D | ڍ | Sindhi /ɖʰ/, Arwi /ʈ/ | ARABIC LETTER DDAHAL | [4] |
| د | U+068E | ڎ | Sindhi (old) /ɗ/, Burushaski /??/ | ARABIC LETTER DUL | [4] |
| د | U+068F | ڏ | Sindhi, Marwari /ɗ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS | [4] |
| د | U+0690 | ڐ | Urdu (old) /ɖ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE | [8] |
| د | U+06EE | ۮ | Parkari Koli /ɗ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH INVERTED V | [12] |
| د | U+0759 | ݙ | Saraiki /ᶑ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY BELOW AND SMALL TAH | [5] |
| د | U+075A | ݚ | Comoro /ɗ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH INVERTED SMALL V BELOW | [5] |
| د | U+08AE | ࢮ | Tataro-Belarusian /dz/ | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [2] |
| ر | U+0691 | ڑ | Balochi, Brahui, Marwari, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Urdu /ɽ/ | ARABIC LETTER RREH | |
| ر | U+0692 | ڒ | Kurdish (old) /r/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V | [13] [14] |
| ر | U+0693 | ړ | Pashto /ɽ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING | [7] |
| ر | U+0694 | ڔ | Arwi, Moplah /ɽ/, Kurdish (old) /r/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW | [13] [11] [14] |
| ر | U+0695 | ڕ | Kurdish /r/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW | [13] [14] |
| ر | U+0696 | ږ | Pashto /ʐ/, Wakhi /ɣ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [7] |
| ر | U+0697 | ڗ | Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /tsʼ/, Moplah /ɖ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [11] [9] |
| ر | U+0698 | ژ | /ʒ/, Kashmiri /ts/, Moplah /ɭː/, Chinese /ʐ~ɻ/ ⟨r-⟩ | ARABIC LETTER JEH | [11] |
| ر | U+0699 | ڙ | Sindhi /ɽ/, Wakhi /ʐ/, Urdu (old) /ɽ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE | [8] [4] |
| ر | U+06EF | ۯ | Parkari Koli /ɭ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH INVERTED V | [12] |
| ر | U+075B | ݛ | Kanuri /ɽ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH STROKE | [5] |
| ر | U+076B | ݫ | Kalami, Ormuri, Torwali /r, ʑ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY ABOVE | [15] |
| ر | U+076C | ݬ | Kalami, Ormuri, Torwali /ʑ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [15] |
| ر | U+0771 | ݱ | Khowar /ʐ/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [1] |
| ر | U+08AA | ࢪ | Rohingya /-r/ | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH LOOP | [6] |
| ز | U+08B2 | ࢲ | Berber /zˤ/ | ARABIC LETTER ZAIN WITH INVERTED V ABOVE | [16] |
| س | U+069A | ښ | Pashto /ʂ~x/, Wakhi /x/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [7] |
| س | U+069B | ڛ | Persian (early) /s/, Avar, Lezghi /ts/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [17] [9] |
| س | U+069C | ڜ | Moroccan /tʃ/, Wakhi /ʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH THREE DOTS BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
| س | U+075C | ݜ | Shina /ʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE | [5] |
| س | U+076D | ݭ | Kalami, Ormuri, Torwali /ɕ/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY ABOVE | [15] |
| س | U+0770 | ݰ | Khowar /ʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [1] |
| س | U+077D | ݽ | Burushaski /ʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR ABOVE | [1] |
| س | U+077E | ݾ | Marwari /χ/, Persian (early) /s/ | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH INVERTED V | [17] |
| ش | U+06FA | ۺ | Moplah /ʂ/ | ARABIC LETTER SHEEN WITH DOT BELOW | [11] |
| ص | U+069D | ڝ | Dargwa, Lak /ts/ | ARABIC LETTER SAD WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | [9] |
| ص | U+069E | ڞ | Berber /zˤ/, Burushaski /??/, Chinese /tsʰ/ ⟨c⟩ | ARABIC LETTER SAD WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
| ص | U+08AF | ࢯ | Tataro-Belarusian /ts/ | ARABIC LETTER SAD WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [2] |
| ض | U+06FB | ۻ | Arwi /ɻ/, Moplah /ɭ/ | ARABIC LETTER DAD WITH DOT BELOW | [11] |
| ط | U+069F | ڟ | Hausa /tsʼ/ | ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
| ط | U+08A3 | ࢣ | Serer /ɗ̥/ ⟨ƭ⟩ | ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [6] |
| ع | U+06A0 | ڠ | Malay /ŋ/, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi(?) /q(ː)/ | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [9] |
| ع | U+06FC | ۼ | Moplah /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER GHAIN WITH DOT BELOW | [11] |
| ع | U+075D | ݝ | Wolof, Songhoy, Soussou, Soninke, Pulaar /ŋ/, Songhoy /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [5] |
| ع | U+075E | ݞ | Songhoy (Niger) /ŋ/, Hausa /ɡʷ/ | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS POINTING DOWNWARDS ABOVE | [5] |
| ع | U+075F | ݟ | Songhoy (Mali) /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY ABOVE | [5] |
| ع | U+08B3 | ࢳ | Arwi /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [18] |
| ف | U+06A1 | ڡ | (variant) /f/, Adyghe /??/ | ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS FEH | [3] |
| ف | U+06A2 | ڢ | Maghrebi /f/, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi /pʼ/ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW | [9] |
| ف | U+06A3 | ڣ | Chechen, Ingush /pʼ/, Arwi /p/ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT BELOW | [19] |
| ف | U+06A4 | ڤ | Arabic, Kurdish, Comoro, Wakhi /v/, Malay /p/, Pulaar /ŋ/ (?) | ARABIC LETTER VEH | [5] |
| ف | U+06A5 | ڥ | Maghrebi /v/ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [10] |
| ف | U+06A6 | ڦ | Sindhi /pʰ/ | ARABIC LETTER PEHEH | [4] |
| ف | U+0760 | ݠ | Pualaar (Mali) /p/ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | [5] |
| ف | U+0761 | ݡ | Comoro /β/ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW | [5] |
| ف | U+08A4 | ࢤ | Chad /ⱱ/ ⟨vb⟩ | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE | [6] |
| ق | U+066F | ٯ | (variant) /q/ | ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS QAF | [3] |
| ق | U+06A7 | ڧ | Maghrebi /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE | |
| ق | U+06A8 | ڨ | Maghrebi /ɡ/, Avar /tɬʼ/, Pulaar /ŋ/ (?) | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [9] [10] [5] |
| ق | U+08A5 | ࢥ | Chad /gb/ | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT BELOW | [6] |
| ك | U+06A9 | ک | Kurdish, Persian, Urdu /k/, Sindhi /kʰ/ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH | [4] |
| ك | U+06AC | ڬ | Malay /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE | [20] |
| ك | U+06AD | ڭ | Turkish, Uyghur, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar /ŋ/, Berber /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER NG | [20] |
| ك | U+06AE | ڮ | Berber /ɡ?/, Persian (early) | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [17] |
| ك | U+077F | ݿ | Persian (early) /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [17] |
| ك | U+08B4 | ࢴ | Arwi /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW | [18] |
| ک | U+063B | ػ | Persian (early) /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [17] |
| ک | U+063C | ؼ | Persian (early) /ɡ/, Avar, Lak, Lezghi /x/, Dargwa /ç/ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [17] [9] |
| ک | U+06AA | ڪ | Sindhi /k/ | ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF | [20] [4] |
| ک | U+06AB | ګ | Pashto /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING | |
| ک | U+06AF | گ | Persian & others /ɡ/ | ARABIC LETTER GAF | |
| ک | U+0762 | ݢ | Malay /ɡ/, Dargwa /ɢ/ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE | [5] [20] [9] |
| ک | U+0763 | ݣ | Moroccan, Berber /ɡ/, Turkish /ŋ/, Chinese /ŋ-, ɲ-/ ⟨ng-, gn-⟩ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [5] [20] [21] [10] |
| ک | U+0764 | ݤ | Hausa /k'/ | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW | [5] |
| گ | U+06B0 | ڰ | Saraiki /ɠ/ | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH RING | |
| گ | U+06B1 | ڱ | Sindhi /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER NGOEH | [4] |
| گ | U+06B2 | ڲ | Berber /ɡ?/, (not Sindhi) | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | |
| گ | U+06B3 | ڳ | Sindhi /ɠ/ | ARABIC LETTER GUEH | [4] |
| گ | U+06B4 | ڴ | Azeri, Karakalpak /ŋ/ | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
| گ | U+08B0 | ࢰ | Turkish /j/ ⟨ğ⟩, Crimean Tatar /j/, Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezghi, Chechen, Ingush /kʼ/ | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH INVERTED STROKE | [21] [2] [9] |
| ل | U+06B5 | ڵ | Bosniak /ʎ/, Kurdish /ɫ/ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL V | [13] [14] |
| ل | U+06B6 | ڶ | Kurdish (old) /ɫ/ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH DOT ABOVE | [13] [14] |
| ل | U+06B7 | ڷ | Brahui /ɬ/, Kurdish (old) /ɫ/ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [13] [14] |
| ل | U+06B8 | ڸ | Avar /ɬ/ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [9] |
| ل | U+076A | ݪ | Marwari /ɭ/ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH BAR | [22] |
| ل | U+08A6 | ࢦ | Chad /ɮ/ ⟨sl⟩ | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH DOUBLE BAR | [6] |
| م | U+0765 | ݥ | Mali Pulaar /ɓ/ | ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT ABOVE | [5] |
| م | U+0766 | ݦ | Maba /mb/ | ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT BELOW | [5] |
| م | U+08A7 | ࢧ | Chad /mv/ | ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [6] |
| ن | U+06B9 | ڹ | Arwi, Moplah /ɳ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH DOT BELOW | [11] |
| ن | U+06BA | ں | Urdu nasalization /◌̃/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA | [3] |
| ن | U+06BB | ڻ | Sindhi, Balochi /ɳ/ | ARABIC LETTER RNOON | [4] |
| ن | U+06BC | ڼ | Pashto /ɳ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING | [7] |
| ن | U+06BD | ڽ | Malay /ɲ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [23] |
| ن | U+0767 | ݧ | Comoro, Wolof, Songhoy, Kanuri, Mandinka, Soninke, Pulaar /ɲ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | [5] |
| ن | U+0768 | ݨ | Marwari, Pathwari, Saraiki /ɳ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL TAH | [5] |
| ن | U+0769 | ݩ | Gojri /ɳ/ | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL V | [5] |
| ه | U+06BE | ھ | Urdu aspiration /ʰ/, other Pakistani /ʰ/ | ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE | |
| ه | U+06C0 | ۀ | Urdu (izafat) /ɛ/ | ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE | [21] |
| ه | U+06C1 | ہ | Urdu /h/, other Pakistani /h/ | ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL | |
| ه | U+06C2 | ۂ | Urdu (izafat) /ɛ/ | ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE | |
| ه | U+06C3 | ۃ | Urdu /t~h/ | ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL | |
| ه | U+06D5 | ە | Uyghur /æ~ɛ/, Uzbek /ɛ/, Kyrgyz /e/, Karakalpak /æ~e/, Tatar /æ/, Kurdish /ɛ/ | ARABIC LETTER AE | [13] |
| ه | U+06FF | ۿ | Parkari Koli /ɦ/ | ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH INVERTED V | [12] |
| و | U+06C4 | ۄ | Kashmiri /ɔ/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING | |
| و | U+06C5 | ۅ | Kyrgyz /ø/ | ARABIC LETTER KIRGHIZ OE | |
| و | U+06C6 | ۆ | Kazakh /v/, Uyghur, Azeri /ø/, Kurdish /o/, Tatar (Tahiri) /y/ | ARABIC LETTER OE | [14] |
| و | U+06C7 | ۇ | Uyghur, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz /u/ | ARABIC LETTER U | |
| و | U+06C8 | ۈ | Uyghur /y/ | ARABIC LETTER YU | |
| و | U+06C9 | ۉ | Kyrgyz /y/, Tatar (Tahiri) /ø/ | ARABIC LETTER KIRGHIZ YU | |
| و | U+06CA | ۊ | Kurdish /ʉː/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [13] [14] |
| و | U+06CB | ۋ | Uyghur, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Tatar /w, v/, Kazakh /uw, yw, w, v/ | ARABIC LETTER VE | |
| و | U+06CF | ۏ | Malay /v/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH DOT ABOVE | |
| و | U+0778 | ݸ | Burushaski /o/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE | [1] |
| و | U+0779 | ݹ | Burushaski /oː/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE | [1] |
| و | U+08AB | ࢫ | Rohingya /-w/ | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH DOT WITHIN | [6] |
| و | U+08B1 | ࢱ | Tatar (Alparov) /ɤ/ | ARABIC LETTER STRAIGHT WAW | [2] |
| ي | U+0620 | ؠ | Kashmiri /ʲ/ | ARABIC LETTER KASHMIRI YEH | [24] |
| ي | U+063D | ؽ | Azeri /j, ɯ/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH INVERTED V | |
| ي | U+063E | ؾ | Persian (early) /j/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [17] |
| ي | U+063F | ؿ | Persian (early) /j/, Azeri /j, ɯ/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [17] |
| ي | U+06CC | ی | Persian /j, i/, Chinese /i, ɪ/ ⟨yi-, i⟩, Uyghur, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak /i~ɨ~ɯ/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH | [23] |
| ي | U+06CD | ۍ | Pashto /əj/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TAIL | |
| ي | U+06CE | ێ | Azeri /e/, Kurdish /e/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH SMALL V | [13] [14] |
| ي | U+06D0 | ې | Pashto, Uyghur, Uzbek /e/ | ARABIC LETTER E | |
| ي | U+06D1 | ۑ | Malay (old) /??/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | |
| ي | U+06D2 | ے | Urdu /eː, ɛː/, Kashmiri, Punjubi, Sindhi /e(ː)/, Arabic variant of yā’ /j, iː/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE | [20] |
| ي | U+06D3 | ۓ | Urdu (izafat) /ɛ/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE WITH HAMZA ABOVE | |
| ي | U+0775 | ݵ | Burushaski /i/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE | [1] |
| ي | U+0776 | ݶ | Burushaski /iː/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE | [1] |
| ي | U+0777 | ݷ | Burushaski /ɰ/ | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR BELOW | [1] |
| ي | U+077A | ݺ | Burushaski /e/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE | [1] |
| ي | U+077B | ݻ | Burushaski /eː/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE | [1] |
| ي | U+08A8 | ࢨ | Adamawa Fulfulde (Cameroon) ⟨ƴ⟩ | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND HAMZA ABOVE | [6] |
| ي | U+08A9 | ࢩ | Adamawa Fulfulde (Cameroon) /ɲ/ | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [6] |
| ي | U+08AC | ࢬ | Rohingya /-j/ | ARABIC LETTER ROHINGYA YEH | [6] |
Special cases edit
N edit
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic /θ/ | ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | U+062B | ARABIC LETTER THEH |
| Arabic /n/ | ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | U+067E | ARABIC LETTER PEH |
| Urdu /◌̃/ | ں | ـں | ـںـ | ںـ | U+06BA | ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA |
| Malay /ɲ/ | ڽ | ـڽ | ـڽـ | ڽـ | U+06BD | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE |
| Persian /p/ | پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | U+067E | ARABIC LETTER PEH |
- The Urdu "nasalization nūn" is written without dots in its final and isolated forms, but does not have any differences in its other forms with basic nūn.
- The three dots of Malay (Jawi) nūn are written below in the initial and medial forms, thus the letter is clearly different from Arabic thāʾ, but looks like Persian pe (this does not cause any ambiguity since Malay uses fāʾ with three dots ڤ for /p/).
H edit
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic /h/ | ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | U+0647 | ARABIC LETTER HEH |
| Urdu /h/ | ہ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | U+06C1 | ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL |
| Urdu /◌ʰ/ | ھ | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | U+06BE | ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE |
- There at least exist two forms of Arabic hāʾ: one is used in the Naskh style, the other one is in Nastaʿlīq. As Urdu nearly exclusively uses Nastaʿlīq, for compatibility the Nastaʿlīq hāʾ is encoded separately and given an Urdu name (though it is originally just a stylistic variation of the Arabic letter). Usually this code point (U+06C1) should not be used in contemporary situations, but the normal hāʾ (U+0647). It is up to the fonts to properly render hāʾ (U+0647) in the Nastaʿlīq way.
- Urdu also uses another one hāʾ for aspiration. It does looks like the Naskh hāʾ even in Nastaʿlīq fonts, but differs in its final and isolated forms.
Y edit
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic /j, iː/ | ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | U+064A | ARABIC LETTER YEH |
| Arabic /-aː/ | ى | ـى | — | — | U+0649 | ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA |
| Persian /j, i/ | ی | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | U+06CC | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH |
| Urdu /eː, ɛː/ (1) | ے | ـے | ـےـ | ےـ | U+06D2 | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE |
| Urdu /eː, ɛː/ (2) | ے | ـے | ـیـ | یـ | U+06D2 | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE |
- Arabic uses two types of yāʾ: one is normal and the other one is for /-aː/. As its value is equal to ʾalif, it is called ʾalif maqṣūra. It is written only at the end of words and have no initial and medial forms.
- Persian ye is a stylistic variation of Arabic yāʾ. It lacks dots in the final and isolated forms, hence they look like ʾalif maqṣūra. This variation is also used in some Arabic countries like Egypt. For compatibility this variation is encoded separately and given a Persian name. Although historically it is not an independent Persian letter, but just a variation of Arabic yāʾ.
- There are also the third type of yāʾ. It has been used in Nastaʿlīq style for both Arabic, Persian and other languages. It might be called "returned yāʾ" for its particular final form. It was not a separate letter, but just a stylistic (calligraphic) variation. But in Urdu it has became an independent letter, given a separate code point and its Urdu name (ye baṛī). Its initial and medial forms are not different from basic yāʾ. But this causes several problems:
- Technically both the font and the system should render its initial and medial forms as visually no different from yāʾ. But very few if not any fonts do this properly. Hence the result (1) from above: the right code points (U+06D2), but the wrong representations.
- An ad hoc workaround for this is to use yāʾ (U+064A) when the letter at the beginning or in the middle of words, but ye baṛī (U+06D2) at the end. Hence the result (2) from above: the wrong code points (U+064A) for the initial and medial forms, but the right representations. Though it does look good, but technically this is not right. This situation must be resolved in the future by font designers and software developers.
K edit
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic /k/ | ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | U+0643 | ARABIC LETTER KAF |
| Sindhi /kʰ/, Persian, Urdu /k/ | ک | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | U+06A9 | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH |
| Sindhi /k/ | ڪ | ـڪ | ـڪـ | ڪـ | U+06AA | ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF |
- Arabic has had three shapes of kāf:
- ك (U+0643) is used in all contemporary situations.
- ک (U+06A9) and ڪ (U+06AA), "swash kāf", are historical and may usually appear in Quranic texts.
- Persian uses exclusively ک (U+06A9), though its initial and medial shapes are no different from "Arabic" kāf. This shape is also used in the languages of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
- Sindhi treats both "Persian kāf" and "swash kāf" as two independent letters. ك (U+0643) is not used in Sindhi.
F and Q edit
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Arabic /f/ | ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | U+0641 | ARABIC LETTER FEH |
| Standard Arabic /q/ | ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | U+0642 | ARABIC LETTER QAF |
| Maghrebi /f/ | ڢ | ـڢ | ـڢـ | ڢـ | U+06A2 | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW |
| Maghrebi /ɡ~q/ | ڧ | ـڧ | ـڧـ | ڧـ | U+06A7 | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE |
- In Standard Arabic fāʾ and qāf are differentiated largely by the number of the superscript dots. In old Arabic manuscripts fāʾ was written with a dot below while qāf with a dot above. This ancient practice survives in Maghrebi Quranic manuscripts.
| Language | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Unicode | Character name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maghrebi /v/ | ڤ | ـڤ | ـڤـ | ڤـ | U+06A4 | ARABIC LETTER VEH |
| Maghrebi /v/ | ڥ | ـڥ | ـڥـ | ڥـ | U+06A5 | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW |
| Maghrebi /ɡ/ | ڨ | ـڨ | ـڨـ | ڨـ | U+06A8 | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE |
- In Maghreb qāf with three dots above is used for /ɡ/. In Morocco ݣ (U+0763) is preferred.
- In Maghreb fāʾ with three dots either above or below is used for /v/. The former (ڤ) can be hardly distinguished from the three-dotted qāf, so should be avoided.
Diacritics edit
| Unicode | Diacritic | Usage | Unicode name |
|---|---|---|---|
| U+064B | هً | Arabic /-an/ | ARABIC FATHATAN |
| U+064C | هٌ | Arabic /-un/ | ARABIC DAMMATAN |
| U+064D | هٍ | Arabic /-in/ | ARABIC KASRATAN |
| U+064E | هَ | Arabic /a/, Persian /æ/, Urdu /ə/ | ARABIC FATHA |
| U+064F | هُ | Arabic /u/, Persian /o/, Urdu /ʊ/ | ARABIC DAMMA |
| U+0650 | هِ | Arabic /i/, Persian /e/, Urdu /ɪ/ | ARABIC KASRA |
| U+0651 | هّ | consonants doubling | ARABIC SHADDA |
| U+0652 | هْ | no vowel | ARABIC SUKUN |
| U+0653 | هٓ | long vowel | ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE |
| U+0654 | هٔ | glottal stop /ʔ/ | ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE |
| U+0655 | هٕ | glottal stop /ʔ/ | ARABIC HAMZA BELOW |
| U+0656 | هٖ | Arabic /iː/, Chadian ⟨ɨ⟩ | ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF |
| U+0657 | هٗ | Arabic, Urdu, Kashmiri /uː/, Chadian ⟨o⟩ | ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA |
| U+0658 | ه٘ | Urdu nasalisation /ه̃/ | ARABIC MARK NOON GHUNNA |
| U+0659 | هٙ | Pashto /ə/ | ARABIC ZWARAKAY |
| U+065A | هٚ | Chadian ⟨ɛ⟩ | ARABIC VOWEL SIGN SMALL V ABOVE |
| U+065B | هٛ | Chadian ⟨ɔ⟩ | ARABIC VOWEL SIGN INVERTED SMALL V ABOVE |
| U+065C | هٜ | Chadian, Guinean ⟨e⟩ | ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW |
| U+065D | هٝ | Songhoy-Zarma, Pulaar-Fulfulde ⟨o⟩, Ormuri | ARABIC REVERSED DAMMA |
| U+065E | هٞ | Gawri (Kalami) /æ/ | ARABIC FATHA WITH TWO DOTS |
| U+065F | هٟ | Kashmiri /uː/ | ARABIC WAVY HAMZA BELOW |
| U+0670 | هٰ | Arabic /aː/ | ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF |
| U+0674 | هٴ | glottal stop /ʔ/, Kazakh "palatal" word | ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA |
| U+06EA | ه۪ | Kashmiri palatalization /ʲ/ | ARABIC EMPTY CENTRE LOW STOP |
| Quranic | |||
| U+0615 | هؕ | Quranic al-waqf al-muṭlaq | ARABIC SMALL HIGH TAH |
| U+0616 | هؖ | Quranic pause sign | ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE ALEF WITH LAM WITH YEH |
| U+0617 | هؗ | Quranic al-waqf al-mujawwaz | ARABIC SMALL HIGH ZAIN |
| U+0618 | هؘ | Quranic /a/ | ARABIC SMALL FATHA |
| U+0619 | هؙ | Quranic /u/ | ARABIC SMALL DAMMA |
| U+061A | هؚ | Quranic /i/ | ARABIC SMALL KASRA |
| U+06D6 | هۖ | Quranic al-waṣlu awlā | ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE SAD WITH LAM WITH ALEF MAKSURA |
| U+06D7 | هۗ | Quranic qif | ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE QAF WITH LAM WITH ALEF MAKSURA |
| U+06D8 | هۘ | Quranic jazm | ARABIC SMALL HIGH MEEM INITIAL FORM |
| U+06D9 | هۙ | Quranic lā-waqfi ʿalayhi | ARABIC SMALL HIGH LAM ALEF |
| U+06DA | هۚ | Quranic al-waqf al-jāʾiz | ARABIC SMALL HIGH JEEM |
| U+06DB | هۛ | Quranic muʿanaqah | ARABIC SMALL HIGH THREE DOTS |
| U+06DC | هۜ | Quranic sakta | ARABIC SMALL HIGH SEEN |
| U+06DF | ه۟ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH ROUNDED ZERO |
| U+06E0 | ه۠ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH UPRIGHT RECTANGULAR ZERO |
| U+06E1 | هۡ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH |
| U+06E2 | هۢ | Quranic al-waqf al-lāzim | ARABIC SMALL HIGH MEEM ISOLATED FORM |
| U+06E3 | هۣ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL LOW SEEN |
| U+06E4 | هۤ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH MADDA |
| U+06E5 | هۥ | Quranic waqfah | ARABIC SMALL WAW |
| U+06E6 | هۦ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL YEH |
| U+06E7 | هۧ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH YEH |
| U+06E8 | هۨ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL HIGH NOON |
| U+06EB | ه۫ | Quranic | ARABIC EMPTY CENTRE HIGH STOP |
| U+06EC | ه۬ | Quranic | ARABIC ROUNDED HIGH STOP WITH FILLED CENTRE |
| U+06ED | هۭ | Quranic | ARABIC SMALL LOW MEEM |
| U+08F0 | هࣰ | Quranic /-aⁿ/ | ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN |
| U+08F1 | هࣱ | Quranic /-uⁿ/ | ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN |
| U+08F2 | هࣲ | Quranic /-iⁿ/ | ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN |
| U+08F3 | هࣳ | Quranic /w/ | ARABIC SMALL HIGH WAW |
| Abbreviation | |||
| U+0610 | هؐ | Abbreviation | ARABIC SIGN SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASSALLAM |
| U+0611 | هؑ | Abbreviation | ARABIC SIGN ALAYHE ASSALLAM |
| U+0612 | هؒ | Abbreviation | ARABIC SIGN RAHMATULLAH ALAYHE |
| U+0613 | هؓ | Abbreviation | ARABIC SIGN RADI ALLAHOU ANHU |
| U+0614 | هؔ | Abbreviation | ARABIC SIGN TAKHALLUS |
| Rohingya | |||
| U+08E4 | هࣤ | Rohingya ⟨o⟩ | ARABIC CURLY FATHA |
| U+08E5 | هࣥ | Rohingya ⟨ou⟩ | ARABIC CURLY DAMMA |
| U+08E6 | هࣦ | Rohingya ⟨e⟩ | ARABIC CURLY KASRA |
| U+08E7 | هࣧ | Rohingya ⟨on⟩ | ARABIC CURLY FATHATAN |
| U+08E8 | هࣨ | Rohingya ⟨oun⟩ | ARABIC CURLY DAMMATAN |
| U+08E9 | هࣩ | Rohingya ⟨en⟩ | ARABIC CURLY KASRATAN |
| U+08EA | ه࣪ | Rohingya ⟨tone 1a⟩ | ARABIC TONE ONE DOT ABOVE |
| U+08EB | ه࣫ | Rohingya ⟨tone 1b⟩ | ARABIC TONE TWO DOTS ABOVE |
| U+08EC | ه࣬ | Rohingya ⟨tone 2a⟩ | ARABIC TONE LOOP ABOVE |
| U+08ED | ه࣭ | Rohingya ⟨tone 2c⟩ | ARABIC TONE ONE DOT BELOW |
| U+08EE | ه࣮ | Rohingya ⟨tone 3a⟩ | ARABIC TONE TWO DOTS BELOW |
| U+08EF | ه࣯ | Rohingya ⟨tone 3b⟩ | ARABIC TONE LOOP BELOW |
| African languages | |||
| U+08F4 | هࣴ | Wolof, Dyola ⟨ë⟩ | ARABIC FATHA WITH RING |
| U+08F5 | هࣵ | Wolof ⟨à⟩ | ARABIC FATHA WITH DOT ABOVE |
| U+08F6 | هࣶ | Jola-Fonyi, Balanta-Ganja /ì/ | ARABIC KASRA WITH DOT BELOW |
| U+08F7 | هࣷ | Senegalian ⟨o⟩ | ARABIC LEFT ARROWHEAD ABOVE |
| U+08F8 | هࣸ | Guinean ⟨u⟩ | ARABIC RIGHT ARROWHEAD ABOVE |
| U+08F9 | هࣹ | Senegalian ⟨e⟩ | ARABIC LEFT ARROWHEAD BELOW |
| U+08FA | هࣺ | Wolof, Jola-Fonyi, Balanta-Ganja ⟨é⟩ | ARABIC RIGHT ARROWHEAD BELOW |
| U+08FB | هࣻ | Guinean ⟨un⟩ | ARABIC DOUBLE RIGHT ARROWHEAD ABOVE |
| U+08FC | هࣼ | Guinean ⟨on⟩ | ARABIC DOUBLE RIGHT ARROWHEAD ABOVE WITH DOT |
| U+08FD | هࣽ | Guinean ⟨o⟩ | ARABIC RIGHT ARROWHEAD ABOVE WITH DOT |
| Phillipine languages | |||
| U+08FE | هࣾ | Yakan ⟨o⟩ | ARABIC DAMMA WITH DOT |
| U+08FF | هࣿ | Yakan ⟨ɛ⟩ | ARABIC MARK SIDEWAYS NOON GHUNNA |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 06149
- ^ a b c d e 11209
- ^ a b c d 14211
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Trumpp, Ernst (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi Language. pp. 2–6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab 03223
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 10288r
- ^ a b c d e f g h Trumpp, Ernst (1873). Grammar of the Paštō Or Language of the Afghāns. pp. 1–4.
- ^ a b c Palmer, Edward Henry (1890). Simplified Grammar of Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Шамхалов А. Л. Дагестанские языки // Литературная энциклопедия. — Т. 3. — [М.]: Изд-во Ком. Акад., 1930. — Стб. 132—135.
- ^ a b c d Boogert, N. van den (1989). "Some notes on Maghribi script" (PDF). Manuscripts of the Middle East. 4: 30–43.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Moplah
- ^ a b c 01427
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 11090
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kurdish Romanization
- ^ a b c 04025r
- ^ 12181r
- ^ a b c d e f g h 06345r
- ^ a b 13130r
- ^ 13119
- ^ a b c d e f 03176
- ^ a b c 01329
- ^ 03228r2
- ^ a b 09146
- ^ 10169
General references edit
- Ager, Simon. "Arabic". omniglot.com.
- Pedersen, Thomas T. "Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts". Institute of the Estonian Language.
- "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". Institute of the Estonian Language.
- "ALA-LC Romanization Tables". Library of Congress.
- "BGN/PCGN Romanisation systems". GOV.UK.
- "Romanization systems used in the Place Names Database (KNAB)". Institute of the Estonian Language.
- "Unicode Technical Committee Document Register". Unicode Inc.