The Type 10 grenade (十年式手榴弾, Jyūnen-shiki Teryūdan) was the first fragmentation hand grenade designed and deployed by the Imperial Japanese Army.[1]
| Type 10 grenade | |
|---|---|
 Drawing of a Type 10 grenade | |
| Type | Hand grenade/rifle grenade |
| Place of origin | Empire of Japan |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1921–1945 |
| Used by | Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Wars | Second Sino-Japanese War Soviet-Japanese Border Wars World War II Chinese Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1914 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 530 g (19 oz) |
| Length | 125 mm (4.9 in) |
| Diameter | 50 mm (2.0 in) |
| Filling | TNT |
| Filling weight | 50 g (1.8 oz) |
Detonation mechanism | Pyrotechnic delay of 7 to 8 seconds. |
History and development edit
After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese army experimented with a variety of grenades; however, no design reached mass production. Japanese military observers in the European front of World War I noted the technical development and tactical application of hand grenades as infantry support weapons with considerable interest, and the Army technical bureau was tasked with a project to develop a grenade launcher that could be used in combination with the Type 38 rifle, the Japanese Army's standard infantry weapon. The project failed for a variety of reasons, including too small a bore, too long a gun barrel and difficulties with a propellant. The technical bureau then turned to a World War I-vintage German design for a small signal mortar, which was developed into the stand-alone Type 10 grenade discharger. The Type 10 grenade was designed for use with this grenade launcher when attached to a base containing a primer and propellant charge. It could also be thrown by hand, or fired from a rifle grenade launcher with a tail assembly added.
Design edit
The design of the Type 10 grenade was almost identical to the later Type 91 with a grooved, "pineapple-shaped", segmented body designed to disperse sharp fragments when it exploded. The main difference was the Type 10's serrated top. A threaded socket in the bottom of the body allowed for the attachment of an auxiliary propellant canister for use in a grenade launcher, or a finned tail assembly for use as a rifle grenade. The fuse was a percussion-activated delay type, initiated by pulling out a safety pin and striking the top of the cap, which gave a 7–8 second delay. When used as a rifle grenade or mortar round, the fuse activated automatically, as the plunger was pushed in by the force of the launch. One issue with the design was the highly variable and inaccurate fuse timing, which resulted either in premature explosion, or such a long delay that the recipient could hurl the grenade back prior to detonation.[2]
Combat record edit
The Type 10 grenade was quickly superseded in front-line combat service by the Type 91 grenade, and survived into the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II primarily in the form of flare shells and signal shells.[3]
References edit
- US Department of War (1994). Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945) (reprint ed.). Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Japanese Infantryman 1937-1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-818-9.
- Departments of the Army and the Air Force (1953). Japanese Explosive Ordnance, TM 9-1985-4. ASIN B000H7NCDS.