Tschuprow's T

$T={\sqrt {\frac {\phi ^{2}}{\sqrt {(r-1)(c-1)}}}}$
Tschuprow's T

In statistics, Tschuprow's T is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive). It is closely related to Cramér's V, coinciding with it for square contingency tables. It was published by Alexander Tschuprow (alternative spelling: Chuprov) in 1939.

Definition

For an r × c contingency table with r rows and c columns, let $\pi _{ij}$ be the proportion of the population in cell $(i,j)$ and let

$\pi _{i+}=\sum _{j=1}^{c}\pi _{ij}$ and $\pi _{+j}=\sum _{i=1}^{r}\pi _{ij}.$

Then the mean square contingency is given as

$\phi ^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{r}\sum _{j=1}^{c}{\frac {(\pi _{ij}-\pi _{i+}\pi _{+j})^{2}}{\pi _{i+}\pi _{+j}}},$

and Tschuprow's T as

$T={\sqrt {\frac {\phi ^{2}}{\sqrt {(r-1)(c-1)}}}}.$

Properties

T equals zero if and only if independence holds in the table, i.e., if and only if $\pi _{ij}=\pi _{i+}\pi _{+j}$. T equals one if and only there is perfect dependence in the table, i.e., if and only if for each i there is only one j such that $\pi _{ij}>0$ and vice versa. Hence, it can only equal 1 for square tables. In this it differs from Cramér's V, which can be equal to 1 for any rectangular table.

Estimation

If we have a multinomial sample of size n, the usual way to estimate T from the data is via the formula

${\hat {T}}={\sqrt {\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{r}\sum _{j=1}^{c}{\frac {(p_{ij}-p_{i+}p_{+j})^{2}}{p_{i+}p_{+j}}}}{\sqrt {(r-1)(c-1)}}}},$

where $p_{ij}=n_{ij}/n$ is the proportion of the sample in cell $(i,j)$. This is the empirical value of T. With $\chi ^{2}$ the Pearson chi-square statistic, this formula can also be written as

${\hat {T}}={\sqrt {\frac {\chi ^{2}/n}{\sqrt {(r-1)(c-1)}}}}.$

See also

Other measures of correlation for nominal data:

• Cramér's V
• Phi coefficient
• Uncertainty coefficient
• Lambda coefficient

Other related articles:

• Effect size

References

• Liebetrau, A. (1983). Measures of Association (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Sage Publications