The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mashhad, Iran.
Prior to 20th century edit
- 330 BCE - Passage and residence of Alexander the Great during his Persian campaign.[1][2][3][4] Probably the first settlement in the modern city area.[5][6]
- 818 CE - Death of Ali al-Ridha (8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam) at Sanābādh; Imam Reza shrine established.[7]
- 970s-990s - Imam Reza Shrine demolished "in an act of fanaticism" by Ghaznavid Nāṣer-al-dawla Sübüktigin.[8]
- 1009 - Imam Reza Shrine rebuilt.[8][9]
- 1121 - Town wall built.[7]
- 1161 - Mashhad sacked by Ghuzz Turks.[7]
- 1389 - Nearby Tus besieged and "left a heap of ruins" by forces of Timurid Miran Shah; refugees flee to Mashhad.[7]
- 1418 - Goharshad Mosque built.[10]
- 1426 - Bala-yi sar madrasa built at the Imam Reza shrine.[10]
- 1439 - Du-dar madrasa built by Shah Rukh at the Imam Reza shrine.[10][9]
- 1457 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi established.
- 1501 - Twelver Shia Islam declared official state religion in Iran, a development beneficial to Mashhad as a holy city (approximate date).[7][11]
- 1507 - Mashhad taken by forces of Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani.[7]
- 1544 - Mashhad sacked by Uzbek forces.[7]
- 1589 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Shaybanid Abd al-Mumin.[7]
- 1598 - Mashhad taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia; Uzbeks defeated.[7]
- 1722 - Afghan Abdalis in power.[7]
- 1726 - Mashhad besieged by Persian forces.[7]
- 1753 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Afghan Ahmad Shah Durrani.[7]
- 1803 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Fath Ali Shah.[7]
- 1849 - Mashhad taken by forces of Husam al-Saltana.[12]
- 1876 - Palace of Abbas Mirza built.[12]
- 1889 - British and Russian governments maintain consulates-general.[9]
20th century edit
- 1912 - 29 March: Bombing of city by Russians.[12]
- 1918
- 1920 - Population: 70,000-80,000 (approximate estimate).[14]
- 1925 / 1304 SH - 31 March: Solar Hijri calendar legally adopted in Iran.
- 1949 - Razavi University established.
- 1959 - Nader Shah Mausoleum erected.[15]
- 1963 - Population: 312,186 (estimate).[16]
- 1964 - Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum inaugurated.
- 1966 - Mashhad railway station opens.
- 1968 - سینما هویزه (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1970 - سینما قدس (مشهد) (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1971 - سینما آفریقا (مشهد) (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1980 - باغوحش وکیلآباد (zoo) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1982 - Population: 1,120,000 (estimate).[17]
- 1983 - Samen Stadium opens.
- 1995 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi new building opens.
- 1996 - Population: 1,887,405.[18]
21st century edit
- 2004
- Proma Hypermarket in business.
- City becomes part of the newly formed Razavi Khorasan Province.
- 2011
- Mashhad Urban Railway begins operating.
- Siah Jamegan Aboumoslem Khorasan F.C. (football club) formed.
- پیست دوچرخهسواری مشهد (velodrome) opens.[chronology citation needed]
- Imam Reza Stadium construction begins.
- Population: 2,766,258.[19]
- 2013 - 14 June: Local election held.
- 2014
- Sowlat Mortazavi becomes mayor.[13]
- City becomes part of newly formed national administrative Region 5.
See also edit
- History of Mashhad
- List of mayors of Mashhad
- Timelines of other cities in Iran: Bandar Abbas, Hamadan, Isfahan, Kerman, Qom, Shiraz, Tabriz, Tehran, Yazd
References edit
- ^ Diodorus (17.77.5)
- ^ Curtius (6.6.4-5)
- ^ Justin (12.3.8 )
- ^ Arrian (4.9.9)
- ^ muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar
- ^ feiz al-kashaani, al-vaafi
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bosworth 2007.
- ^ a b Mawlawī 2011.
- ^ a b c Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c Massumeh Farhad. "Mashhad". Oxford Art Online.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) Retrieved 9 February 2017 - ^ John H. Lorentz (2010). A to Z of Iran. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7638-5.
- ^ a b c Streck 1934.
- ^ a b c "Mashhad Municipality Portal". Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ "Persia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
Meshed
- ^ "City: Mashhad, Iran". ArchNet. MIT Libraries. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Countries of the World: Iran". Statesman's Yearbook 2003. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-333-98096-5.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2015. United Nations Statistics Division. 2016.
This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia.
Bibliography edit
in English edit
- James Baillie Fraser (1825). "(Mushed)". Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
- Edward Balfour (1885), "Meshed", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068611014
- Guy Le Strange (1905). "Khurasan: (Mashhad)". Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge University Press.
- Houtum-Schindler, Albert (1910). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 177–178.
- M. Streck [in German] (1934). "Meshhed". In M.T. Houtsma; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. pp. 467–477. 1993 reprint
- Noelle Watson, ed. (1996), "Mashhad", International Dictionary of Historic Places, Fitzroy Dearborn, ISBN 9781884964039
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mashhad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 332–338. ISBN 978-9004153882.
- ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T. Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda (2011). "Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawī". Encyclopædia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (Article about the shrine) - Aḥmad Monzawī; ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī (2012). "Bibliographies and Catalogues in Iran: Mašhad". Encyclopædia Iranica.
in other languages edit
- Muhammad Hasan Khan Sani al-Dawla, Matla' al-shams (in Persian), Tehran, OCLC 45141226 1883-1885
- M. P. Pagnini Alberti (1971), Strutture commerciali di una città di pelligrinaggio: Mashhad (Iran nord-orientale) (in Italian), Università degli Studi di Trieste, Istituto de Geografia, OCLC 492722329
External links edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mashhad.
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Qatar Digital Library)
- "(Mashhad)". Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran. Harvard University.
Primary-source materials related to the social and cultural history of women's worlds in Qajar Iran
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Europeana)
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
- "(Mashhad)", Asnad.org: Digital Persian Archive, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Image Database of Persian Historical Documents from Iran and Central Asia up to the 20th Century