Thermoplastic polyurethane
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (September 2010) |
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is any of a class of polyurethane plastics with many useful properties, including elasticity, transparency, and resistance to oil, grease and abrasion. Technically, they are thermoplastic elastomers consisting of linear segmented block copolymers composed of hard and soft segments.
Chemistry
TPU are formed by the reaction of: (1) diisocyanates with short-chain diols (so-called chain extenders) and (2) diisocyanates with long-chain bifunctional diols (known as polyols). The practically unlimited amount of possible combinations producible by varying the structure and/or molecular weight of the three reaction compounds allows for an enormous variety of different TPU. This allows urethane chemists to fine-tune the polymer’s structure to the desired final properties of the material.
Morphology
The final resin consists of linear polymeric chains in block-structures. Such chains contain low polarity segments which are rather long (called soft segments), alternating with shorter, high polarity segments (called hard segments). Both types of segments are linked together by covalent links, so that they actually form block-copolymers.
The polarity of the hard pieces creates a strong attraction between them, which causes a high degree of aggregation and order in this phase, forming crystalline or pseudo crystalline areas located in a soft and flexible matrix. This so-called phase separation between both blocks can be more or less important, depending on the polarity and the molecular weight of the flexible chain, the production conditions, etc. The crystalline or pseudo crystalline areas act as physical cross-links, which account for the high elasticity level of TPU, whereas the flexible chains will impart the elongation characteristics to the polymer.
These "pseudo crosslinks", however, disappear under the effect of heat, and thus the classical extrusion, injection moulding and calendering processing methods are applicable to these materials. Consequently, TPU scrap can be reprocessed.
Uses
TPU has many applications including automotive instrument panels, caster wheels, power tools, sporting goods, medical devices, drive belts, footwear, inflatable rafts, and a variety of extruded film, sheet and profile applications.[1][2] TPU is also a popular material in mobile electronic device cases such as mobile phones.
Overview of TPU on the market
Among the features of commercially available TPU are:
- excellent abrasion resistance
- outstanding low-temperature performance
- excellent mechanical properties, combined with a rubber-like elasticity
- high shear strength
- high elasticity
- high transparency
- good oil and grease resistance
The currently available TPUs can be divided mainly in two groups, based on soft segment chemistry:
- polyester-based TPUs (mainly derived from adipic acid esters)
- polyether-based TPUs (mainly based on tetrahydrofuran (THF) ethers). The differences between these two groups are outlined in the table below:
Table of properties
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2011) |
Table 1: Main differences between polyester- and polyether-based TPU. [3]
(+ + excellent; + good; o acceptable; - poor; - - very poor)
| Property | Polyester-based TPU | Polyether-based TPU |
|---|---|---|
| Abrasion resistance | ++ | 0 |
| Mechanical properties | ++ | + |
| Low temperature flexibility | 0 | ++ |
| Heat ageing | + | - |
| Hydrolysis resistance | -- | ++ |
| Chemical resistance | ++ | - |
| Microbial resistance | -- | + |
| Adhesion strength | + | - |
| Injectability | ++ | 0 |
In other words, polyether-based TPU is used only in cases where excellent hydrolysis and microbial resistance is required, as well as in cases where extreme low temperature flexibility is important.
When stable light colour and non-yellowing performance are required, aliphatic TPU based on aliphatic isocyanates is used.
Recently, BASF has pioneered crosslinking during TPU production, made possible by adding liquid crosslinkers and using a masterbatch. Plant-based bio TPU has been developed for green thermoplastic elastomer applications by Merquinsa and GRECO, marketed as Pearlthane ECO and Isothane respectively.
Trade names
Key commercial brands available are:
- Epamould, Epaline for extrusion, Epacol for adhesives, Pakoflex for Synthetic Leather (EPAFLEX)
- Elastollan (BASF & Elastogran)[4]
- Pearlthane (Merquinsa) [5]
- Desmopan (Bayer) [6]
- Estane (Lubrizol) [7]
- Pellethane (Lubrizol) [8]
- New power industrial limited (New power®)
- Irogran (Huntsman)[9]
- Exelast EC (Shin-Etsu Polymer Europe B.V.) [10]
- Laripur (COIM SpA)[11]
- Avalon (Huntsman) -
- Isothane (Greco )[12]
References
- ^ "Texin® thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) resin". Bayer Material Science. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ "Thermoplastic Polyurethane". American Chemical Council. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ "PEARLTHANE". Merquinsa, A Lubrizol Company. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
- ^ "Elastogran GmbH - Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers". www.elastogran.de. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ "Merquinsa home page". Merquinsa. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Bayer MaterialScience - Thermoplastic Polyurethanes". Bayer. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Estane Engineered Polymers". Lubrizol. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Lubrizol - Pellethane TPE". Lubrizol. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Huntsman TPU: Shaping Your World". Huntsman Corporation. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Shin-Etsu Polymor Co., Ltd - Products". Shin-Etsu Chemical. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "Chemical Products - Laripur - Thermoplastic polyurethanes". COIM Group. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ "GRECO - Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers". http://www.greco.com.tw/. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
