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| 1st–4th centuries Roman Empire (30 BCE – 330 CE) |  | |
| 4th–7th centuries Byzantine rule (330–642) | ||
| 7th–10th centuries Sasanian (619–629) Second Byzantine rule (629–642) Muslim conquest (639–642) Rashidun Caliphate (642–658) Umayyad Caliphate (659–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–969) | ||
| 10th–12th centuries Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171) | ||
| 12th–13th centuries Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1250) | ||
| 13th–16th centuries Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) | ||
| 16th–18th centuries Ottoman (1517–1805) | ||
| 18th–20th centuries French Expedition (1798–1801) Muhammad Ali Dynasty(1805–1882) British Occupaction (1882–1922) Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1952) Arab Republic of Egypt (1952–present) | ||
| 21st century |
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