Viral disease
| Viral disease | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| MeSH | D014777 |
These are tables of the clinically most important[1]viruses. A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones[citation needed].
Structural characteristics
Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans.
There are five double stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviruses, Parvovirus and Polyomavirus) and two are enveloped (Herpesvirus and Poxvirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There is one family of partly double stranded DNA viruses: the Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
There is one family of single stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: the Parvoviridae. These viruses are non enveloped.
There are seven positive single stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astrovirus, Calicivirus and Picornavirus) and four enveloped (Coronovirus, Flavivirus, Retrovirus and Togavirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There are six negative single stranded RNA families: Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Filovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus and Rhabdovirus. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
There is one family with a double stranded RNA genome: the Reoviridae.
There are two additional viruses (Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E) which have not yet been assigned to a family but are clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non enveloped single stranded DNA viruses.
Useful rules of thumb
Among the human infecting families there are a number of rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.
As a rule DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses (DNA viruses) replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.
Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus and Reovirus (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
Three families are transmitted by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. All are RNA viruses.
Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.
Clinical characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:
| Type | Family | Transmission[1] | Diseases[1] | Treatment[1] | Prevention[1] | laboratory diagnosis[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adenovirus | adenoviridae |
|
|
None |
None[4] |
|
| Coxsackievirus | Picornaviridae | fecal-oral, droplet contact | Coxsackie infections | None | None | Cell culture, antibody detection |
| Epstein-Barr virus | Herpesviridae | Saliva | None | None |
|
|
| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | fecal-oral | acute hepatitis | Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis) |
|
antibody detection |
| Hepatitis B virus | Hepadnaviridae |
|
|
|
|
|
| Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae |
|
|
None |
|
|
| Herpes simplex virus, type 1 | Herpesviridae | direct contact with saliva and lesions |
|
None |
|
|
| Herpes simplex virus, type 2 | Herpesviridae |
|
|
|
|
|
| cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae |
|
None | antibody and nucleic acid detection | ||
| Human herpesvirus, type 8 | Herpesviridae |
|
many in evaluation-stage | None | Nucleic acid and antibody detection | |
| HIV | Retroviridae |
|
AIDS | HAART |
|
|
| Influenza virus | Orthomyxoviridae | droplet contact |
|
|
||
| measles virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact |
|
None | MMR vaccine | antibody detection |
| Mumps virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact | Mumps | None | MMR vaccine | antibody detection |
| Human papillomavirus | Papillomaviridae | direct contact |
|
|
|
|
| Parainfluenza virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact | None | None | Antibody detection | |
| Poliovirus | Picornaviridae | fecal-oral | Poliomyelitis | None | Polio vaccine | Antibody detection |
| Rabies virus | Rhabdoviridae |
|
Rabies | Post-exposure prophylaxis | Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis | Histology (postmortem) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact, hand-to-mouth |
|
(ribavirin) |
|
antibody and antigen detection |
| Rubella virus | Togaviridae | droplet contact | None | MMR vaccine | Antibody detection | |
| Varicella-zoster virus | Herpesviridae | droplet contact |
Varicella:
Zoster:
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|
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Folding@home
Folding@home is a distributed computing project which is researching how viruses pass through the cell membrane in the hopes of finding treatments which can prevent viral infection. The project is powered by volunteers who have donated spare CPU/GPU computing resources.
See also
- List of latent human viral infections
- List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
- Pathogenic bacteria
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5. Pages 354-366
- ^ Page 169 in: Neil Vasan; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2010). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2010 (First Aid USMLE). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-163340-5.
- ^ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5. Page 315
- ^ Gray GC, Goswami PR, Malasig MD, et al. (2000). "Adult adenovirus infections:loss of orphaned vaccines precipitates military respiratory disease epidemics". Clin Infect Dis 31 (3): 663–70. doi:10.1086/313999. PMID 11017812.
- ^ a b c d e Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5. Page 47
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