Sarah Emily Howe (c. 1826 – January 26, 1892) was an American fraudster who operated several Ponzi schemes in the 1870s and 1880s,[a] most famously the Ladies' Deposit Company of Boston. Howe was arrested in 1880 and imprisoned for three years for fraud, but upon her release she repeated similar frauds until she was arrested again in 1888.
Early life edit
The details of Howe's early life are uncertain. Newspaper accounts gave inconsistent reports of her age, suggesting she may have been born as early as 1820 or as late as 1827. The Boston Herald claimed she was born in Providence, Rhode Island.[1] A reported early marriage to a man named James Solomon may have been annulled due to miscegenation, followed by a marriage to a second man who subsequently died.[2] Many of these details came from sources hostile to Howe and are difficult to confirm.[3]
In 1852, she married Florimund L. Howe in Manchester, New Hampshire. After the American Civil War, the couple moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where she worked as a fortune teller and in various other occupations, some of them criminal. She spent several weeks in jail in 1875 after taking out multiple loans secured with the same collateral, but her conviction was overturned on appeal.[4]
Ladies' Deposit edit
Howe opened the Ladies' Deposit Company sometime before April 1879[b] as a savings bank that accepted deposits only from unmarried women. She told depositors that the bank worked with a Quaker charity that wanted to help women of modest means. She promised a very high interest rate on the deposits, initially described as two percent per week, which was later adjusted to eight percent per month. In fact there was no such charity and Howe relied on new deposits to pay the interest on older ones.[6][7] Howe did not advertise the bank, but was able to attract $500,000 (equivalent to $16,350,000 in 2023) in deposits from about 1200 women in cities as far away as Chicago and Washington by relying on referrals from her depositors.[8]
In September 1880, the Boston Daily Advertiser began publishing articles attacking the Ladies' Deposit as a swindle, which led to a run on the bank by its depositors. By October the scheme had collapsed and Howe was charged with multiple counts of fraud.[9] She was convicted and served three years in prison.
Later life edit
After her release in 1884, Howe set up another fraudulent bank, the Women's Bank. The new bank operated on the same principles as the Ladies' Deposit, but promised a slightly lower interest rate of seven percent per month. She accepted an estimated $50,000 in deposits before the new fraud was exposed in April 1887. Howe fled Boston before she could be indicted.[10]
Howe attempted similar schemes in other cities, including one in Chicago under the name Ladies Provident Aid. She returned to Boston where she was arrested in December 1888, but she was released in March 1889 because victims were unwilling to participate in her prosecution. She returned to fortune telling until her death in Boston on January 26, 1892.[11][12]
Notes edit
- ^ Howe's frauds pre-date the term "Ponzi scheme", which is named for a fraud started by Charles Ponzi in 1919.
- ^ Historian George Robb gives 1878 as the year the bank was established.[5] A contemporary account by journalist Henry A. Clapp states that the earliest documented deposit was made April 1, 1879, and the earlier history of the bank is uncertain due to a lack of reliable sources.[6]
References edit
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1955
- ^ Clapp 1881, p. 130
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1960
- ^ Clapp 1881, pp. 130–131
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1894
- ^ a b Clapp 1881, p. 122
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1892-1907
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1929-1940
- ^ Clapp 1881, pp. 126–127
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1980-1988
- ^ Robb 2017, loc 1988-1992
- ^ "The 'Woman's Banker' Dead". The Boston Weekly Globe. January 26, 1892. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
Works cited edit
- Clapp, Henry A. (July 1881). "Sympathetic Banking". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 121–136.
- Robb, George (2017). Ladies of the Ticker: Women and Wall Street from the Gilded Age to the Great Depression (Kindle ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Further reading edit
- Hulsart, Robyn (Fall 2013). "Woman on Women Fraud: Mrs. Howe and the Ladies' Deposit". International Journal of Accounting Information Science & Leadership. 6 (18): 64–70.
- Robb, George (December 2012). "Depicting a Female Fraud: Sarah Howe and the Boston Women's Bank". Nineteenth-Century Contexts. 34 (5): 445–459. doi:10.1080/08905495.2012.738086. S2CID 162263275.