Wikipedia

Sakai Tadatsugu

In this Japanese name, the surname is Sakai.

Sakai Tadatsugu (酒井 忠次, 1527 – 17 December 1596) was one of the most favored and most successful military commanders serving Tokugawa Ieyasu in the late-Sengoku period.

Sakai Tadatsugu
酒井 忠次
portrait of Sakai Tadatsugu
Daimyo of Yoshida
In office
1565–1578
Succeeded bySakai Ietsugu
Personal details
Born1527
Mikawa province
DiedDecember 17, 1596
Kyoto
Nickname"Boar Slayer" (inokiri)
Military service
Allegiance Matsudaira clan
Imagawa clan
Tokugawa clan
Unit Sakai clan
CommandsYoshida Castle
Battles/warsSiege of Imahashi castle
Siege of Tawara castle
Siege of Fukutani castle
Siege of Terabe
Siege of Marune
Battle of Batogahara
Siege of Yoshida Castle (1564)
Battle of Anegawa
Battle of Mikatagahara
Siege of Yoshida Castle
Battle of Nagashino
Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

Serving as highest ranking general in Tokugawa clan along with Ishikawa Kazumasa,[1] Tadatsugu also regarded as one of the Four Guardians of the Tokugawa (Tokugawa-Shitennō).[2] along with Honda Tadakatsu, Ii Naomasa, and Sakakibara Yasumasa.[3][4] He also included in another cultural depiction as one of Tokugawa 16 divine generals(Tokugawa jūrokushinshō).[5][6] His official title was Sakai Saemon-no-jo Tadatsugu.[7]

Sakai Tadatsugu also allegedly involved in conspiracy that caused the death of Lady Tsukiyama and her son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu.[8]

Biography edit

Tadatsugu was born in 1527 to Sakai Tadachika, a hereditary vassal of the Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province.[3]

When Tadatsugu came of age, he first served Tokugawa Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada. Tadatsugu was the husband of princes Usui and Keyoin, a sister of both of Ieyasu's parents and hence Ieyasu's uncle-in-law.

At some point, Tadatsugu commanded by Imagawa Yoshimoto, to attack Tada Yasumitsu, an uncle-in-law of Matsudaira Hirotada. Tadatsugu managed to seize the castles in Yasumitsu possession at Imahashi and Tawara areas.[9]

Service under Ieyasu edit

It is said that after Hirotada's death, in 1551 Tadatsugu served young Ieyasu and led a hostage life in Sunpu.[citation needed]

In 1556, According to the records from Tosho Gunkan, Tadatsugu defends Fukutani castle which besieged by 2,000 cavalry troops of Oda clan led by Shibata Katsuie. Tadatsugu manage to repel the invaders as he led a sallying forces outside the castle to engage Katsuie troops.[10][11][12][13][14]

In 1558, Tadatsugu accompanied Ieyasu in the Siege of Terabe.[citation needed]

In 1560 at the Siege of Marune against Oda clan.[citation needed]

In 1563, during the Mikawa Ikkō-ikki uprising, Tadatsugu faithfully followed Ieyasu while his brother, Sakai Tadanao, had chose to support the Ikkō-ikki.[a] This religious uprisings has four epicenters where the Ikkō-shū radicals fortify their temples. Tadatsugu were tasked to pacify one of those garrisoned temple which located in Ida village.[16]

Later in 1564, Tadatsugu lead an attack towards Yoshida Castle, forcing the lord of the castle, Shizumi Obara, to escape and the castle surrender without a fight.[17] Then in the same year, before the Battle of Azukizaka, Tadatsugu wrote letter to the Ikko-Ikki faction in Mikawa, chastising their rebellious conduct.[18]

Sometimes around 1565, Tadatsugu urging his superior, Ieyasu, to abandon allegiance towards Imagawa clan.[19] After the Tokugawa clan captured Yoshida Castle in eastern Mikawa (present-day Toyohashi), Ieyasu appoint Tadatsugu to control the castle.[20][21][22] Then Ieyasu assign Tadatsugu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Honda Tadakatsu as chiefs of Tokugawa counsel staffs.[23]

By 1567, Ieyasu reorganized the structures of his army in two divisions of, each with a separate commander. Tadatsugu was placed over the forces of 18 Tokugawa Fudai & Kamon daimyōs, while Ishikawa Kazumasa, was given command over the forces of 13 daimyō-vassals.[1][24][25]

In 1570, Tadatsugu were involved in the Battle of Anegawa, where The Tokugawa forces forming the left wing of the Oda and Tokugawa alliance forces. Here, Tadatsugu and Ishikawa Kazumasa leading the vanguard, while Sakakibara Yasumasa and Honda Tadakatsu leading the rearguard of the Tokugawa formation.[26]

In 1572, during the Battle of Mikatagahara, Tadatsugu fought the opposing Takeda forces on the far right position of Tokugawa forces stork-shaped formation, seeing his troops being badly beaten;[27] As Ieyasu and his allies retreated to Hamamatsu Castle, Tadatsugu participated in the ruse which mitigated the effects of Takeda victory in the field; and the Takeda forces withdrew.[28][29]

In June 1574, when the Takeda clan laid siege to Takatenjin, Oda Nobunaga personally lead reinforcements where he encamp in Yoshida castle, as he greeted by Tadatsugu. However, as he heard Takatenjin surrendered, Nobunaga abort his trip to Takatenjin and return to Yoshida castle to decide next step.[30]

In 1575, When Takeda Katsuyori laying Siege of Yoshida Castle, Tadatsugu defend the garrison with 6,000 soldiers. The battle were exclusively limited to spear skirmish outside the wall, which frustrate Katsuyori causing him to abandon the siege.[31]

 
depiction of Sakai Tadatsugu with skull head as standard on his back, at the attack of Nagashino, 1575,[32] work by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.[33]

Later in the same year, during the campaign in Nagashino, during the war council discussion before the battle, Tadatsugu expressing his idea about night raid, which quickly rejected by Nobunaga. However, Nobunaga calling Tadatsugu in private after the council and giving him permission to execute the plan in secret, because Nobunaga was afraid if he publicly agreed with Tadatsugu plan during the council discussion, it could potentially leaked by enemy intelligence.[34] Tadatsugu then tasked to lead a night raid against the Takeda forces located in Tobinosuyama along with Kanamori Nagachika.[25][35] They lead a flying column of 2,000 Tokugawa archers and Arquebus gunners, which further supplemented with Oda clan's regiment of cavalry and 500 Arquebus gunners.[36] Tadatsugu led this forces to takes the road from Koshu to Horai-ji Temple in Sanshu then crossing a river, until they reached the camp of Takeda forces nearby the besieged Nagashino castle.[b] The forces of Tadatsugu successfully ambushed the Takeda forces which caused death of two Takeda generals, Takeda Nobuzane and Saegusa Moritomo.[38] After the enemy troops nearby Nagashino castle routed, Tadatsugu also burn Kadoya village nearby the location.[37]

As the Nagashino campaign ended, Tadatsugu rewarded further for his deeds defending a castle in Tobinosuyama mountain after the battle of Nagashino, as Oda Nobunaga himself personally gives Tadatsugu with a jinbaori(Samurai commander's jacket),[39] and also a Maki no Tachi(sword's mounting).[40]

In 1578, Tadatsugu's son, Sakai Ietsugu (1564–1619), took over his father's role as castellan of Yoshida Castle.[22] The ie- in the beginning of Ietsugu's name was a special honor bestowed by Tokugawa Ieyasu, a special reward for special vassals, allowing them to use one of the kanji from his Nanori name.[41]

In 1579, Tadatsugu were involved with a tragedy that befalls upon Ieyasu family, which ended with Lady Tsukiyama, Ieyasu wife, executed, and their son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, forced to commit seppuku. Tadatsugu played role in confirming Oda Nobunaga suspicion of the alleged betrayal against the Oda clan being planned by Lady Tsukiyama, thus Nobunaga concluded that if a high-rank Fudai daimyō such as Tadatsugu confirmed the accusation by testifying against Lady Tsukiyama, then her treason must be true. It was said in one theory that Tadatsugu were actually conspiring with Odai no Kata here to get rid off Lady Tsukiyama.[8] While Arthur Lindsay Sadler theorized this is deliberate act of spite from Tadatsugu due to his dislikes towards Nobuyasu.[42]

In 1582, after Honnō-ji Incident, Tadatsugu accompanied Ieyasu in arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and returning to Mikawa. However, their journey were very dangerous due to the existence of "Ochimusha-gari" groups across the route.[43][c] During this journey, Tadatsugu and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way out against the raids and harrassments from Ochimusha-gari(Samurai hunters) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to the Ochimusha-gari gangs which they could bribe.[46] As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga,[47] The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki Samurais who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais then escorting them from until they reached Iga Province, where they further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompany the Ieyasu group until they safely reach Mikawa.[43] The Ietada nikki journal has recorded that the escorts of Ieyasu has killed around 200 outlaws during their journey from Osaka.[48][49]

In 1584, during the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, he successfully turned back a move by Toyotomi Hideyoshi forces against Kiyosu Castle, which was led by Toyotomi commander Mori Nagayoshi. Tadatsugu scouted Nagayoshi forces during their march, then as Nagayoshi rest and camp his soldiers Hachimanbayashi area, Tadatsugu joined Okudaira Nobumasa and Matsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu) in Komaki to launch the attack at dawn. As they pushed Nagayoshi forces, Tadatsugu tried to encircle Nagayoshi forces from the flank, which caused Nagayoshi lose 300 soldiers. [50] However, they ultimately failed to entrap Nagayoshi as he manage to breaking through the encirclement and retreat.[51] Following this, Tadakatsu returned to Komaki where he, Honda Tadakatsu, and Kazumasa Ishikawa stationed their troops.[52]

In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clan historical records", Ieyasu sent Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasu, and Ii Naomasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[53] Then in following month, the three of them joined by Tadatsugu Sakai to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[53]

In 1590, during the Odawara Campaign, Tadatsugu was ordered to accompany Tokugawa Hidetada, Ieyasu's son and heir, to Kyoto, where he served as hostage for Ieyasu's loyalty to the Toyotomi during that campaign. After the battle, Hideyoshi ordered to Tokugawa clan to relocate from their ancestral holdings to the Kantō region. Tadatsugu went into retirement, but his son Ietsugu received a 30,000 koku fudai fief at Usui, in Shimōsa Province, and Tadasugu accompanied them there.[22]

Death edit

Tadatsugu died in Kyoto in the winter of 1596. After Tadatsugu's death, the Sakai clan continued to prosper. In 1604, his descendants moved to Takasaki Domain (50,000 koku) in Kōzuke Province; in 1616, they relocated to Takata Domain (100,000 koku) in Echigo Province; in 1619, they were transferred to Matsushiro Domain in Shinano Province; and then, from 1622 through to 1868, they were installed at Tsurugaoka Domain (120,000 koku) in Dewa Province.[22] The head of the Sakai clan was ennobled as a "Count" in the Meiji period.[22]

Personal info edit

 
Iroiro Dō-maru, Sakai Tadatsugu first set of armor. Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Chido Museum Collection.[54]

Sakai Tadatsugu owns at least three sets of Japanese armor:

  1. The first set is black and yellow laced infantry designed armor with Kamakura period style named Iroiro Dō-maru. It is said this set were mostly for ceremonial purpose.[55]
  2. The second set used by Tadatsugu were a Two pieces of vermilion-lacquered black thread armor which reportedly for practical combat use.[56] This set of armor has a Kabuto helmet with golden antler horns, similar to horn motives owned by Sanada Yukimura or Tadakatsu Honda.[57] This helmet piece is thought to date as far as from the Azuchi–Momoyama period.[58] In 2017, on commemorating the 140th anniversary of Shonai shrine in Tsuruoka, Chidō Museum officials ordered the a replica of this helmet for exhibition to be made by professinal blacksmith from Nagoya city.[59]
  3. Another set of armor believed to be used by Tadatsugu were a Dō of Sendai region influence which preserved in Kanagawa Prefecture collection In modern era. It has unusual feature of ridged shin-guard. it is believed that Tadatsugu used this armor during the battle of Nagashino. Furthermore, this armor type was first popularized by Date Masamune, Daimyo of Sendai.[60]

Another tools belonged to Tadatsugu which preserved in museum is a Gunbai Uchiwa(軍配団扇) or 'Signal fan', which passed down for generations by the Sakai clan.[61]

Weapons edit

In 1560, during that time, it is said Tadatsugu killed a boar with his katana, earning it the name of the Inoshishi-giri or Inokiri (猪切 the Boar Slayer). The blade itself was a work of Masazane from the Tegai school of Nara, and a colleague of the famous Muramasa (or maybe another name for Muramasa himself). Masazane also authored Tonbōgiri (蜻蛉切 the Dragonfly Slayer), the most famous of the Three Great Spears of Japan (天下三名槍), favourite weapon of Honda Tadakatsu, another one of the Tokugawa Shitennō.

Another sword owned by Tadatsugu were a Tachi which were said given by Ieyasu for Tadatsugu. It had been passed down through generations by the Sakai clan.[61]

Aside from that, there are another Tachi sword possessed by Tadatsugu which forged by Nagamitsu, pupil of renowned swordsmith named Sanemitsu. It is said were given by Oda Nobunaga to Tadatsugu.[62]

A legend said that Tadatsugu personal Yari were named Kame toshi no yari(Jar breaking spear), because at some point of his life, he once found an enemy hiding behind a huge clay jar, which Tadatsugu pierce with his Yari spear along with the enemy behind it.[63]

Sakai clan genealogy edit

 
Emblem (mon) of the Sakai clan

The Sakai clan originated in 14th century Mikawa Province,[64] claiming descent from Minamoto Arichika. Arichika had two sons: one of them, Yasuchika, took the name Matsudaira; and the younger, Chikauji, took the name Sakai.[65]

Sakai Hirochika, who was the son of Chikauji, likewise had two sons, and their descendants gave rise to the two main branches of the Sakai clan.[22] Tadatsugu was heir to the senior branch of the clan.

Appendix edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Sengoku period historians that Tadanao were not actually Ikkō-ikki sympathizer, but more likely to be siding with the Oda clan, which at that time was the enemy of Imagawa clan.[15]
  2. ^ citation from Hayashi Razan chronicle.[37]
  3. ^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they usually hunting Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[44][45][43]

References edit

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Bibliography edit

External source edit

Tomoyo Hazuki. "Tadatsugu Sakai". tabi-samurai-japan. japan travel samurai. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

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