René de Jesús Gómez Manzano (born 19 December 1943[1] in Havana) is a Cuban dissident known for his essay "The Homeland Belongs to All", which he co-wrote with Marta Beatriz Roque, Vladimiro Roca, and Felix Bonne, as well as his repeated imprisonment by the Cuban government. Amnesty International has named him to be a prisoner of conscience three times.
René Gómez Manzano | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 19 December 1943 |
| Nationality | Cuban |
| Occupation | Defense lawyer |
| Organization(s) | Corriente Agramontista Internal Dissidence Working Group Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba |
| Known for | Democracy activism, 1997-2000 and 2005-2007 imprisonments |
| Awards | ABA International Human Rights Award (1997) |
Background edit
Gomez Manzano was born in Havana, Cuba. At the age of eleven, he was sent by his parents to study in the Appalachian Mountains region of the U.S. After completing his secondary education, Manzano enrolled in the University of Havana to study law. However, his studies in Cuba were cut short due to the Cuban Revolution. He then earned a scholarship to Moscow's Patrice Lumumba University, where he studied International Law and graduated with a law degree in 1966.[2] As a result of his travels, he is fluent in Spanish, Russian, English, and French. He is a Roman Catholic and an avid chess player.[1]
A defense lawyer, he entered the dissident movement when he began to defend political prisoners in the late 1980s.[3] He became a cofounder of Corriente Agramontista in 1990, an organization of lawyers willing to file suit against the state to force it to fulfill its own laws.[4]
On 6 August 1994, he was arrested and detained in what Amnesty International called "an apparent round-up of known government critics and human rights activists"; the group designated him a prisoner of conscience.[5]
For several years, Gomez Manzano was married to fellow dissident and independent journalist Ana Margarita Perdigón Brito until she decided to leave Cuba with her daughter and seek exile in the United States in 2012.[6]
‘The Group of Four’ edit
In 1997, Gomez Manzano, Marta Beatriz Roque, Vladimiro Roca, and Felix Bonne founded the Internal Dissidence Working Group.[7] They then published a paper titled "The Homeland Belongs to All," which discussed Cuba's human rights situation and called for political and economic reforms.[8] They also called for a boycott of elections in Cuba's one-party system and for investors to avoid Cuba,[9] giving several news conferences to discuss their concerns.[10]
Gomez Manzano and the other members of the group were arrested on 16 July 1997.[4] The four were detained for 19 months and then tried for sedition in March 1999[11] in a one-day trial closed to the foreign press.[12] Gomez Manzano was sentenced to four years' imprisonment.[10] The defendants became known as the "Group of Four".[13] The United States, Canada, the European Union and the Vatican all called for his release.[9] Amnesty International again declared the four prisoners of conscience, "detained solely for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and association", and called for their immediate release.[14]
Gomez Manzano was released early without explanation on 24 May 2000, having served just under three years in prison.[10] Other members of the Group of Four were released around the same time. In November 2000, the four published another essay, titled "Social Facets", as President Fidel Castro attended a summit in Panama. The essay stated that Cuban education was designed to indoctrinate children, that many children were malnourished from food shortages, and that foreigners in Cuba were allowed privileges—such as cars, computers, and cell phones—that ordinary Cuban people were not.[15]
Later activism edit
Gomez Manzano was critical of fellow dissident Oswaldo Payá's Varela Project, in which Payá presented the National Assembly of People's Power (NAPP) with 25,000 signatures in an attempt to force a constitutional referendum. Gomez Manzano stated that appeals to the NAPP were useless as long as it was dominated by the Communist Party.[16]
In July 2005, Gomez Manzano was arrested while leaving his home, allegedly to join a protest at the French Embassy with Marta Beatriz Roque's Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba.[17] He was detained without charge for eighteen months, during which time he later stated that he undertook two hunger strikes.[17] Amnesty International again designated him a prisoner of conscience and lobbied for his release.[18]
He was released on 9 February 2007. Having been banned from practicing law, he stated that he relied on aid from "compatriots in exile". He told reporters that he nonetheless intended to remain in Cuba and continue his activism, stating, "Change will come sooner than later".[3]
In an April 2009 diplomatic cable leaked in December 2010, Jonathan D. Farrar, head of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, described Gomez Manzano, Oswaldo Paya, and other dissidents as "hopelessly out of touch", writing, "They have little contact with younger Cubans and, to the extent they have a message that is getting out, it does not appeal to that segment of society."[19]
Awards and Distinctions edit
In 1997, the American Bar Association awarded him its International Human Rights Award, but Gomez Manzano was unable to travel to receive it due to his detention.[4] In 1999, Gómez Manzano, along with his co-authors Roque, Roca and Bonne, were awarded the Grand Prize for Press Freedom by the Inter-American Press Association for the publication of "The Homeland Belongs to All."[20] In 2007, an international jury of various bar associations awarded him the Ludovic Trarieux International Human Rights Prize for lawyers, the presentation of which he was again prevented from attending.[21]
References edit
- ^ a b Tania Quintero (8 April 1998). "Rene Gomez Manzano: A Lawyer Behind Bars". Cuba Free Press. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ "René Gómez Manzano (1943)". www.memoryofnations.eu. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
- ^ a b "Veteran Cuban dissident unexpectedly freed". NBC News. Associated Press. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Gail Appleson (6 August 1997). "ABA Human Rights Award Winners Detained In Cuba". Reuters. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ "UA 296/94 Prisoners of Conscience". Amnesty International. 11 August 1994. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ Gómez Manzano, René (29 June 2016). "Con el aeropuerto por cárcel". Cubanet (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Pope's Call for Clemency Lifts Dissidents' Hopes". The New York Times. 24 January 1998. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "The Homeland Belongs to Us All". Cubanet. 27 June 1997. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Second Cuban dissident freed". BBC News. 16 May 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ a b c "Third Cuban dissident freed". BBC News. 24 May 2000. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "World Is Watching Havana Trial Of Cubans Who Criticized System". South Florida Sun Sentinel. 2 March 1999. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ "Rehearing An Important Concession". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. 14 September 1999. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ "Remember Those Still In Prison". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. 17 May 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ "UA 221/97 Arbitrary arrest/Legal concern/ prisoner of conscience (POC)". Amnesty International. 18 July 1997. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Castro charge sparks arrests". BBC News. 18 November 2000. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ Fernando Ravensburg (23 July 2012). "Adiós al padre del mayor movimiento de disidencia interna en Cuba" (in Spanish). BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Cuban dissident freed from jail". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Further information on UA 08/96 (AMR 25/01/96, 16 January 1996) and follow-ups (AMR 25/02/96, 17 January; AMR 25/05/96, 20 February; AMR 25/06/96, 22 February) - Arbitrary Detention / Harassment". Amnesty International. 23 February 1996. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "US cable: Cuban opposition out of touch". Fox News. Associated Press. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ Tania Quintero: Agradece Vladimiro Roca gestiones por su libertad (Spanish), IAPA, 2000, retrieved on 2014-04-08
- ^ Ludovic Trarieux International Human Rights Prize 2007, official website, retrieved 8 April 2014.