Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783

Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783 is a lost painting by American-born artist Benjamin West, depicting the return of the Loyalists to the British Empire following their expulsion from the victorious United States after the American Revolutionary War. Unlike West's established historical styles, Reception features a highly allegorical composition of European, Black, and Native American refugees being welcomed back into the fold by Britannia, who presides over the British Crown Jewels while flanked by angels and government officials surveying the scene.

The Henry Moses engraving of the original Reception of the American Loyalists by West

Benjamin West's own replica of the Reception as the background of John Eardley Wilmot

The original painting and its date of creation have been lost but is survived by a pair of replicas, one by engraver Henry Moses and one by West himself in the background of a later portrait of John Eardley Wilmot, completed in 1811 and 1812 respectively.

Background

Britannia had existed as a national personification of Great Britain and the British people since ancient times, while West's previous work as a painter had developed a deep sense of British nationalism, as seen in his Death of General Wolfe and other works painted after his appointment as court painter. West was "not directly involved in the American Revolutionary War, [but] nevertheless had friends, family and colleagues affected by the outcome of the conflict", shaping his view of the Revolution and its fallout.

The Loyalists, inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who had remained loyal to the Crown in resistance to the Patriot cause, were commonly noted as transcending racial boundaries. In addition to white colonists who sided with British rule out of conservatism, privilege or reformism, Patriot-owned slaves were officially offered freedom in return for their defection while the Iroquois were polarized between pro-British and neutral factions. After their defeat in the Revolutionary War, the various anti-Patriot groups were expelled en mass from the newly-founded United States, with about 100,000 fleeing primarily to British North America. The Loyalists formed many communities both there and abroad that persist to this day, being afforded the honorary title of United Empire Loyalists and receiving land grants handled through the Loyalist Claims Commission, though the Black Loyalists would continue to face discrimination for generations to come.

Painting and analysis

The figures holding Britannia's train to her right can be identified as Religion and Justice, emphasizing the supposed righteousness of the Loyalist cause, while Britannia herself is shown equipped with a shield with a Union Jack emblazed on it and extending an arm towards the figures below. The Loyalists are depicted as noble and multiracial, with a group of white lawmakers in full dress pledging themselves to the Crown beneath Britannia; Her gesture is instead answered by a central figure of an Indigenous warrior standing alongside a woman and a family of Black Loyalists. The painting is considered historically and culturally significant for its depiction of the Black Loyalists, however historian Barry Cahill instead criticized the painting as presenting what he considered an idealized and inaccurate mythologization of the Black Loyalists' history in Atlantic Canada. He heavily cited the pro-slavery views and practices of many white Loyalists and characterized Black Loyalists as opportunistic freedom-seekers only trying to survive in what was an inherently oppressive society.

History

The timeframe of the painting's creation is extremely uncertain, estimated at anywhere from 1783 to 1811 (i.e. anywhere from the actual year depicted through to the publishing of its first replica). The painting came into the possession of John Eardley Wilmot but was later lost. Its content is nonetheless preserved through a pair of replicas: an engraving by Henry Moses which captures the exact detail and composition of the original, and West's own full-color reinterpretation of the work when he included the original as the background of his later portrait of Wilmot, celebrating Wilmot's capacity as chief commissioner of the Loyalist Claims Commission.