Pyrrharctia isabella
| Pyrrharctia isabella | |
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| Conservation status | |
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Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Arctiidae |
| Genus: | Pyrrharctia |
| Species: | P. isabella |
| Binomial name | |
| Pyrrharctia isabella (JE Smith, 1797) |
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The moth Pyrrharctia isabella is known by different common names at its two main life stages. The adult is the Isabella Tiger Moth and the larva is called the Banded Woolly Bear. The larvae of many species of Arctiid moths are called "woolly bears" because of their long, thick, furlike setae.
The insect can be found in many cold regions, including the Arctic. The banded Woolly Bear larva emerges from the egg in the fall and overwinters in its caterpillar form, when it literally freezes solid. First its heart stops beating, then its gut freezes, then its blood, followed by the rest of the body. It survives being frozen by producing a cryoprotectant in its tissues. In the spring it thaws out and emerges to pupate. Once it emerges from its pupa as a moth it has only days to find a mate when it turns into a moth.
Caterpillars normally become moths within months of hatching in most temperate climates, but in the Arctic the summer period for vegetative growth and hence feeding is so short, that the Woolly Bear feeds for several summers, freezing again each winter before finally pupating. Some are known to live through as many as 14 winters.[1]
Appearance
This species is black at both ends with a band of coppery red in the middle. The adult moth is dull yellow to orange with a robust, furry thorax and small head. Its wings have sparse black spotting and the proximal segments on its first pair of legs are bright reddish-orange.
The setae of the Woolly Bear caterpillar do not inject venom and are not urticant—they do not cause irritation, injury, inflammation, or swelling.[2] However, they will play dead if picked up or disturbed. Handling them is discouraged, however, as the bristles may cause dermatitis in people with sensitive skin.
Diet
This species is a generalist feeder—it feeds on many different species of plants, especially herbs and forbs.[3]
Self-medication
Recent research[4] has shown that in the related moth Grammia incorrupta, whose larvae are also called “woollybears”, larvae consume alkaloid-laden leaves that help fight off internal parasitic fly larvae. This research reports this phenomenon as "the first clear demonstration of self-medication among insects.
In culture
Folklore
Folklore of the eastern United States and Canada holds that the relative amounts of brown and black on the skin of a Woolly Bear caterpillar (commonly abundant in the fall) are an indication of the severity of the coming winter. It is believed that if a Woolly Bear caterpillar's brown stripe is thick, the winter weather will be mild and if the brown stripes are narrow, the winter will be severe. In reality, hatchlings from the same clutch of eggs can display considerable variation in their color distribution, and the brown band tends to grow with age; if there is any truth to the tale, it is highly speculative.[5]
Woollybear Festivals
Woolleybear Festivals are held in several locations in the fall.
- Vermilion, Ohio, in October, begun in 1973, features wooley bear costume contests for children and pets.
- Banner Elk, North Carolina, begun in 1977, features crafts, food, and races. The winning Woolly Worm predicts the winter weather for the following winter.[6]
- Beattyville, Kentucky, begun 1987, features food, live music, "Woolly Worm Race" in which people race the Woolly Bear caterpillar up vertical strings.
- Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, in early fall, begun in 1997, featuring crafts for kids, food, games, a pet parade, and a "Weather Prognostication Ceremony."
- Oil City, Pennsylvania, Woolley Bear Jamboree, begun in 2008, features "Oil Valley Vick" to predict the winter weather. Though some may have hoped[by whom?] he can someday draw a crowd similar to Punxsutawney Phil, Oil Valley Vick made his first and only prognostication in 2008.[7]
- Lions head, Ontario, it has been held for two years now to rival wiarton willy
References
- ^ Co-produced nature documentary Frozen Planet. Series 1, episode 2, at around 26min 45sec.
- ^ Mullen, Gary Richard; Lance A. Durden (2002). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-510451-0.
- ^ "Entomology Collection > Pyrrharctia isabella". E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, University of Alberta. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ ""Woolly Bear Caterpillars Self-Medicate -- A Bug First" - National Geographic". Retrieved 2009-03-14.
- ^ Predicting Winter Weather: Woolly Bear Caterpillars, The Old Farmer's Almanac, 1999.
- ^ Old Farmer's Almanac, 1999.
- ^ Robertson, Dan. "Oil Valley Vick & the NWPA Wooly Bear Society". Mystic Outer Rim Society. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
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