Pteroma pendula, the oil palm bagworm or simply bagworm, is a species of bagworm moth found in East and Southeast Asia that infests oil palm plantations.[1][2][3]
| Pteroma pendula | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Psychidae |
| Genus: | Pteroma |
| Species: | P. pendula
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pteroma pendula (de Joannis, 1929)
| |
Pteroma pendula is among most economically damaging pest of oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia, along with Metisa plana.[4][5][6] The caterpillars also feed on other trees and shrubs, including Acacia mangium, Delonix regia, Cassia fistula, and Callerya atropurpurea.[2][7] 31 different species have been identified as host plants for P. pendula.[8] Insecticides are the favoured method of controlling the moth in most commercial plantations.[8] Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids, and fungi kill up to 4.85% of the population.[4][6][5]
Life cycle edit
Survival rate of P. pendula eggs differs based on chosen host plant.[9] The species has six larval instars.[1][6] Pupae are typically found in middle and lower fronds, while caterpillars go higher in search fresh ones.[8] Dimorphism has been reported in the pupal and imago stages.[1][6] Males generally live longer than females.[9]
Damage symptoms edit
P. pendula infestations can be detected by a number of symptoms. Holes in leaves and sometimes defoliation are some signs, and discolouration may also result.[1][7]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Mani, M. (2022-09-16). Trends in Horticultural Entomology. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-19-0343-4.
- ^ a b "Pteroma pendula Joannis 1929 - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ "Pteroma pendula (de Joannis, 1929)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ a b "INTERACTIONS OF THE BAGWORM, Pteroma pendula (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE), AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES IN AN OIL PALM PLANTATION IN PERAK – Journal of Oil Palm Research". Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ a b Ramlah, Siti & Ali, Dr Siti Ramlah & Kamarudin, Noorhazwani & Razak, Mohd & Yusof, Mohd. Termizi & Ahmad, Mohd Najib & Mazmira, Mohd & Mohd Masri, Mohamed Mazmira & Azura, Syarifah & Ibrahim, Syed & Kamarudin, Norman. (2010). I PM Systems for controlling bagworm, Pteroma pendula (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) outbreak in oil palm plantations at Teluk Intan.
- ^ a b c d Cheong, Yew Loong (2009). Bagworm (Pteroma Pendula Joannis) and Its Control by Entomopathogenic Fungi, (Metarhizium Anisopliae Metchnikoff and Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus Wize) (masters thesis). Universiti Putra Malaysia.
- ^ a b Maruthaveeran, Sreetheran; Chen, Wendy Y.; Morgenroth, Justin (2022-11-29). Urban Forestry and Arboriculture in Malaysia: An Interdisciplinary Research Perspective. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-19-5418-4.
- ^ a b c Ahya Mahadi, Nor; Muhamad, Rita; Azura Adam, Nur (2012-11-10). "Relationship between Bagworm Pteroma Pendula Joannis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) Populations, Parasitoids, and Weather Parameters in Oil Palm Plantation" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural Science. 4 (12): 13–17. doi:10.5539/jas.v4n12p13. ISSN 1916-9760.
- ^ a b Lee, Seng Hua; Lum, Wei Chen; Sajap, Ahmad Said; Tan, Li Peng; Ashaari, Zaidon (2015). "Development of Pteroma pendula Joannis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) feeding on selected landscape trees in Peninsular Malaysia". The Malaysian Forester. 78 (1 & 2): 87–96. ISSN 0302-2935.