Nawab Mustafa Khan "Shefta" (1809–1869) was an Urdu poet and critic, and a contemporary of Mirza Ghalib. "Shefta" was his Urdu "takhallus" or pen name (he used the name "Hasrati" for his Farsi writings).
Born in Delhi, he belonged to a prominent landowning family of Bangash Hindustani Pathans.[1] His kinsmen included the Nawabs of Farrukhabad and the rebel Walidad Khan of Barabasti. His father-in-law was the famous General Ismail Beg Hamadani.[2] His estates included the jagir of Palwal in Gurgaon and Jehangirabad in Meerut.[3]
Mustafa Khan's early education was received from famous teachers such as Mian ji Maal Maal, and Haji Mohammed Nur Naqshbandi. He began composing poetry when he was a teenager, and eventually became known as a prominent member of the Delhi literary circle that included Ghalib, Zauq and Momin. He was particularly close to Ghalib, and stood by him as a friend and patron, helping him out in times of need and visiting him in prison when he was in trouble with the authorities. His home was well known as a venue of musha'airas and as a centre of poetic activity and patronage.
After the 1857 Rebellion, Mutiny Shefta was arrested by the British on suspicion of involvement with the rebels, due to his close ties to Bahadur Shah Zafar and relationship with Walidad Khan and Ismail Beg. He was sentenced to seven years imprisonment and his estates were seized, only half of which were later restored on appeal. The prison in which he was held was later purchased by his son Nawab Ishaq Khan who inherited his title and estates, and the historic family home Mustafa Castle was constructed on the site, integrating the original prison room in the design.
Mustafa Khan died in 1869 at his house in Kucha Chelaan in Delhi. He is buried at his family graveyard at Hazrat Nizamuddin.
His son Nawab Ishaq Khan was a leading figure in the Aligarh movement, and his grandson was Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan, the famous Muslim League politician and signatory to the first Indian Constitution.
Writings edit
Shefta's poetry was romantic in disposition. Two courtesans appear frequently as the objects of his desire in his writings. One of these was Ramjo, a dancing girl and poet who wrote under the name "Nazakat". In his middle years Shefta performed the Haj pilgrimage, during which his ship was wrecked on an uninhabited island from which he and his fellow travellers were rescued after several weeks. This event is recorded in his short account of the journey.[4] After the Haj, Shefta became more religious and his writing became spiritual and abstemious in tone.[5] His writing was widely praised for its simplicity, clarity and purity of diction.[6] Amongst his proclaimed admirers were Ghalib, Hasrat Mohani and Altaf Hussain Hali who wrote:
Hali sukhan mein Shefta se mustfeed hai, Ghalib ka molqid hai, muqlid hai Mir ka. (Hali owes his poetic skill to Shefta, is an admirer of Ghalib, an emulator of Mir)
Shefta sought advice or islah for his own Urdu poetry from Momin, and for Persian verse from Ghalib. He also authored an early history of Urdu poetry called Gulshan-e-be-khaar ("The Thornless Garden").
References edit
- ^ ha Humayun Amin. Handling of Tanks in Indo Pak Wars.
- ^ https://www.geni.com/people/Nawab-Mustafa-Ali-Khan-Shaifta/6000000007278480313 (accessed 2 February 2017)
- ^ Francis Robinson, 'Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims' (Cambridge University Press,2007) ISBN 9780521048262
- ^ Dale F. Eickelman 'Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the Religious Imagination' (Routledge, 2013) ISBN 9781136112683
- ^ https://rekhta.org/poets/shefta-mustafa-khan/profile (accessed 2 February 2017)
- ^ K.C. Kanda 'Bahadur Shah Zafar and His Contemporaries: Zauq, Ghalib, Momin, Shefta: Selected Poetry: Text, Translation, and Transliteration by K.C. Kanda' (New Delhi, Sterling Press, 2007) ISBN 9788120732865