Names of European cities in different languages (I–L)

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]

I edit

English name Other names or former names
  Iași Iași (Romanian*),[KNAB] Iasi - 이아시 (Korean*), Iásio - Ιάσιο (Greek*), Iassium (Latin*), Iassy (French variant*, Historical variant*), Iassi (Historical variant*), Jaš - Јаш (Serbian*),[KNAB] Yash - Яш (Bulgarian),[KNAB] Jasai (Lithuanian*),[KNAB] Jasi' (Latvian*), Jaši - Јаши (Serbian alternative*), Jassenmarkt (archaic German), Jassi (archaic Italian), Jassy (English variant*, German*,[KNAB] Polish*,[KNAB]), Jassy - Яссы (Russian*),[KNAB] Jassy - Ясси (Ukrainian),[KNAB] Jasy (Czech*[KNAB], Slovak*[KNAB]), Jászvásár (Hungarian*), Yaş (Turkish*), Yas - יאס (Yiddish*), Yashi (Romani*), Yashi - (Japanese*), Yassi (Historical variant*), Yassy (Historical variant*), Yǎxī - 雅西 (Mandarin Chinese*), Yosh - יאש (Yiddish alternative)
  Iglesias Esglésies* or Iglésies* (Catalan), Igeullesiaseu / Igŭllesiasŭ - 이글레시아스 (Korean), Iglesias (Italian*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Igresias (Sardinian)*, Is Cresias (former Sardinian)*, Villa di Chiesa (former Italian)*
  Iisalmi Iisalmi (Finnish)*, Idensalmi (Swedish)*
  Ilanz Glion (Romansh)*, Ilanz (German)*
  Inari Aanaar (Inari Sami), Anaar (Skolt Sami), Anár (Northern Sami)*, Enare (Swedish)*, Inari (Finnish)*, Inari - 이나리 (Korean)
  Innsbruck Dispruch (Ladin), Innsbruck (Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Innzbruk (Hungarian), Inomost (Old Slovene)*, Innomostí* / Inšpruk* (Czech), Insbruka (Latvian)*, Insbrukas (Lithuanian)*, Insbruque (Portuguese)*, Inseubeurukeu / Insŭbŭruk'ŭ - 인스브루크 (Korean), Insuburukku - インスブルック (Japanese)*, Inzbrik (Yiddish), Inzbruk (Serbian)*, Puntina (Romansh), 因斯布鲁克 (Chinese)
  Ioannina Giannina (Italian)*, Ianina (Aromanian, Romanian*), Ioánnina - Ιωάννινα (Greek)*, Janina (Czech*, Finnish*, Lithuanian*, Portuguese*), Janinë* / Janina* (Albanian), Janjina - Јањина (Serbian)*, Joanina (Portuguese variant)*, Yánena - Γιάννενα* and Yánina - Γιάννινα* (Greek variants), Yanina (Azeri)*, Yanya (Turkish)*
   Inverness Inbhir Nis (Scots Gaelic)*, Inbhear Nis (Irish)*, Inbeoneseu / Inbŏnesŭ - 인버네스 (Korean), 因華尼斯 (Chinese-HK), 因弗內斯 (Chinese-PRC)*
  Iraklion See Heraklion
  Istanbul Carigrad (Slovene), Estambol (Ladino)*, Estambul (Spanish)*, İstanbul (Azeri*, Turkish*), Iostanbúl (Irish), Iseutanbul or Isŭt'anbul – 이스탄불 (Korean), Isutambūru - イスタンブール (Japanese)*, Istamboul (French alternate)*, Istambul Portuguese*), Istambuł* or Stambuł* (Polish), Истамбул or Цариград (Bulgarian) استانبول = Estānbol (Persian*), Istanboel (Afrikaans, Dutch*), Isṭanbūl – إسطنبول (Arabic)*, Istanbul (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Czech*, German*, French*, Italian*, Ladino alternate *, Maltese, Romanian*, Serbian* Tagalog*), Isztambul (Hungarian)*, Konstantinúpolis – Κωνσταντινούπολις* or I Póli – Η Πόλη* (i.e. "The City") (Greek), Mikligarður (Icelandic)*, Stamboll (Albanian)*, Stamboul (French alternate [old, rare])*, Stambul – Ստամբուլ (Armenian)*, Stambul – Стамбу́л (Russian*, Ukrainian*), Stambula (Latvian)*, Stambulas (Lithuanian)*, Stambuli – სტამბული (Georgian)*, Stenbol (Kurdish)*,Sztambul (old Hungarian)*, Yīsītǎnbǎo 伊斯坦堡* or Yīsītǎnbù'ěr 伊斯坦布爾* (Chinese)

Former names: Asitane, Dersaadet, Estambul, Konstantiniye, Konstantinopyla, Kospoli, Kostan, Kushta, Kushtandina or Payitaht (Payitaht, from Persian پایتخت simply means "Capital City", taht meaning "throne"; Turkish variants during Ottoman period), Beasantian or Baile Chòiseam (Scottish Gaelic), an Bhiosáint or Cathair Chonstaintín (Irish), Bysans* or Byzantion* or Konstantinopel* (Swedish), Bysants* or Konstantinopel* (Norwegian), Bizanc* or Carigrad* or Konstantinopel* (Slovene), Bizánc* or Konstantinápoly* (Hungarian), Bizanci* or Constantinoble* (Catalan), Bizancio* or Constantinopla* (Spanish), Bizâncio* or Constantinopla* (Portuguese), قسطنطنیه = Qostantaniyeh (Persian), Biżanzju or Kostantinopli (Maltese), Bizancjum* or Carogród* or Konstantynopol* (Polish), Bizans* or Qüstəntiniyyə* (Azeri), Bizant*, Carigrad* or Konstantinopol* (Croatian), Bizanţ*, Constantinopol*, Constantinopole*, Stambul* or Ţarigrad* (Romanian), Bisanzio* or Costantinopoli* (Italian),Byzance* or Constantinople* or Stamboul* (French), Byzantion* or Cařihrad* or Konstantinopol* (Czech), Byzantium* or Constantinopolis* (Latin), Byzantium * or Constantinople* (English), Byzanz* or Byzantion* or Konstantinopel* (German), Caergystennin (Welsh)*, Caregrad – Царегра́д, Carjgrad – Царьгра́д, Carjgorod – Царьгород, Vizantij – Виза́нтий or Konstantinopolj – Константино́поль (Russian)*, Carigrad* or Konstantinopolj* or Stambol* (Serbian), Carihrad* or Konštantínopol* (Slovak), Constantinopel (Dutch)*, Konseutantinopolliseu or K'onsŭt'ant'inop'ollisŭ – 콘스탄티노폴리스 (Korean), Konstantinobolis (Armenian), Konstantínópel (Icelandic)*, Konstantinopla (Tagalog*), Konstantinopoli (Finnish)*, Konsutantinōpuru – コンスタンティノープル (Japanese)*, Miklagård (old Swedish)*, Miklagarðr (Old Norse), Qushta – קושטא/איסטנבול (Hebrew)*, Vizántion – Βυζάντιον* or Konstantinoupoli – Κωνσταντινούπολη* (Greek), Bàizhàntíng – 拜占庭 or Jūnshìtǎndīngbǎo – 君士坦丁堡 (Chinese)*, TsarigradЦариград (Bulgarian)*

  Ivalo Avveel (Inari Sami)*, Âˊvvel (Skolt Sami)*, Avvil (Northern Sami)*, Ivalo (Finnish)*
  Ivangorod Ivangorod – Ивангород (Russian)*, Jaanilinn (Estonian)*, Iivananlinna (Finnish)
  Ivano-Frankivsk Ivano-Frankivsjk – Івано-Франківськ (Ukrainian)*, Ivano-Frankovsk – Ивано-Франковск (Russian)*, Iwano-Frankowsk (Polish)*, İvano-Frankovsk (Turkish)*, Ivano-Frankivskas (Lithuanian)*, Iwano-Frankiwsk (German)*, Stanislau (former German)*, Stanislavov - Станиславов (former Russian)*, Stanislavovas (former Lithuanian)*, Stanislev - סטאַניסלעװ (Yiddish)*, Stanisławów (former Polish)*, Stanyslaviv - Станиславів (former Ukrainian)*

J edit

English name Other names or former names
  Jablonec nad Nisou Gablonz an der Neiße (German)*, Jabłonec nad Nysą (Polish)*
  Jablunkov Jabłonków (Polish)*, Jablunkov (Czech)*, Jablunkau (German)*
  Jakobstad Jakobstad (Swedish)*, Pietarsaari (Estonian*, Finnish*)
  Jarosław Jaroslau (German)*, Jaroslav (Czech), Jarosław (Polish)*, Yareslev - יאַרעסלעװ (Yiddish)*, Jaroslav - Ярослав (Russian)*, 雅羅斯拉夫 (Chinese)
  Jastrzębie-Zdrój Jastrzębie-Zdrój (Polish)*, Bad Königsdorff-Jastrzemb (German)*, Ястшембе-Здруй (Russian)*
  Jelgava Jelgava (Latvian, Lithuanian)*, Mintauja (Old Lithuanian)*, Mitau (German)*, Mitava - Митава* / Jelgava - Елгава* (Russian), Mitawa (Polish)*
  Jena Iéna (French)*, Iena (Portuguese*, Romanian*), Jena (German)*, Iena - Ιένα (Greek)*, Jéna (Hungarian)*, Jjena - Йена (Russian)* 耶拿 (Chinese)
  Jihlava Iglau (German)*, Igława (Polish) *, Jihlava (Czech)*
  Jokkmokk Dálvvadis (Lule Sami alternate), Jåhkåmåhkke (Lule Sami), Johkamohkki (Northern Sami)*, Jokimukka (Finnish)*, Jokinmukka, (Meänkieli), Jokkmokk (Swedish)*
  Jülich Gulik (Dutch), Jülich (English, German), Juliers (French)
  Jurbarkas Jurbarkas (Lithuanian)*, Georgenburg* / Jurgenburg* / Eurburg* (German), Jurborg / Jurburg' / Yurburg / Yurberig / Yurbrik (Yiddish)*, Jurbarkas (Samogitian)*

K edit

English name Other names or former names
  Kajaani Kajaani (Finnish)*, Kajana (Swedish)*
  Kaliningrad after 1946:
Kaliningrado / Calininegrado (Portuguese variants)*, Kaliningrad - Калининград (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Kalininhrad - Калінінград (Belarusian*, Ukrainian*), Kalíngrad (Icelandic)*, Kaliningrad (Finnish*, Romanian*, Maltese, Swedish*, Turkish*), Kaliningrad - Καλίνινγκραντ (Greek)*, Kaliningrad* (Polish), Kaliningradas, Karaliaučius (Lithuanian)*, Kalėningrads, Karaliaučios (Samogitian)*, Kaļiņingrada (Latvian)*, Kaliningrado (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Kalinjingrad (Croatian) *, Kalinyingrád, Königsberg (Hungarian)*, Kaljinjingrad - Каљињинград (Serbian)*, Karīningurādo - カリーニングラード (Japanese)*, Jiālǐnìnggélè - 加里寧格勒 (Chinese).

before 1946:
Königsberg (German *, Hungarian *), Kunnegsgarbs, Twangste (Old Prussian), Karaliaučius (Lithuanian)*, Karaliaučios (Samogitian)*, Kēnigsberga, Karaļauči (Latvian)*, Keningsbergen (West Frisian*), Keunigsbarg (Low Saxon)*, Koningsbergen (Dutch)*, Královec (Czech)*, Królewiec (Polish)*, Karalaviec - Каралявец (Belarusian)*, Kionigsberg - Кёнигсберг, Korolevets - Короле́вец (Russian)*, Kenigsberg - קעניגסבערג (Yiddish)*, Kēnihisuberuku - ケーニヒスベルク (Japanese)*, Kēnísībǎo - 柯尼斯堡 (Chinese), Kenixvérghi - Καινιξβέργη (Greek)*, Conisberga, Konigsberga (Portuguese)*, Regiomontium (Latin)*

  Kalix Calix (former Swedish)*, Gáinnas (Northern Sami)*, Gájnaj (Lule Sami), Gálás (Northern Sami alternate), Kainus (Meänkieli), Kainuu (Finnish)*, Kalix (Swedish)*, Kôlis (local Swedish)*
  Kamenz Kamenz (German)*, Kamjenc (Upper Sorbian)
  Kamianets-Podilskyi Kamaniçe (Turkish), Camenecium (Latin)*, Cameniţa (Romanian)*, Kamenets - קאַמענעץ (Yiddish)*, Kamenec-Podoljskij - Каменец-Подольский (Russian)*, Kamieniec Podolski (Polish)*, Kamjanecj-Podiljsjkyj, otherwise transcribed as Kamyanets'-Podil's'kyi or Kamyanets-Podilskyi - Кам’янець-Подільський (Ukrainian)*, Kamjanets-Podilskyi (Finnish)*, Kamenyec-Podolszkij (Hungarian)*, Kamyanets-Podilskıy (Crimean Tatar),
  Kamianske Kamenskoe (former German)*, Kamenskoe - Каменское (Russian), Kamenskoye (former English), Kamianske (English, French, Portuguese, Romanian), Kamianskė (Lithuanian), Kamianské (Spanish), Kamianske - Кам'янскэ (Belarusian), Kamienskaje - Каменскае (Taraškievica Belarusian), Kamieńskie (Polish), Kamjanske (Czech, Dutch, Estonian, German, Latvian), Kamjanszke (Hungarian), Kamyanske (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Kamian'ske - Камяньске (Rusyn), Kam'ians'ke - Кам'янське (Ukrainian)

in 1936-2016:
Dneprodzeržinsk - Днепродзержинск (Russian), Dniepradziaržynsk - Днепрадзяржынск (Belarusian, Taraškievica Belarusian), Dnieprodzierżyńsk (Polish), Dniprodserschynsk (German), Dniprodzerzhynsk (English), Dniprodzeržyns′k - Дніпродзержинськ (Ukrainian)*,

  Kandalaksha Kandalakša - Кандалакша (Russian)*, Kannanlahti* / Kantalahti* (Finnish), Käddluhtt (Skolt Sami)
  Kartuzy Cartusia (Latin)*, Karthaus (German)*, Kartuzë (Kashubian)*, Kartuzy (Polish)*
  Kaskinen Kaskinen (Finnish), Kaskö (Swedish)
  Katowice Katowice (Polish*, Hungarian*), Katovicai (Lithuanian)*, Katovice (Bulgarian*), Katovice (Czech*, Latvian*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovakian*), Katoviçe (Turkish)*, Kattowitz (German)*; Stalinogród (Polish 1953–1956)*
  Kaunas Caunas (Portuguese)*, Kauen (German)*, Kovna - קובנה (Hebrew), Kauņa (Latvian)*, Kaunas (Azeri*, Finnish*, Lithuanian*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Kaunas - Каунас (Bulgarian *, Russian *), Kaunaseu / K'aunasŭ - 카우나스(Korean)*, Kaunasu - カウナス (Japanese)*, Kauns (Samogitian)*, Koŭna - Коўна (Belarusian)*, Kovne - קאָװנע (Yiddish)*, Kovno (Czech)*, Kowno (Polish)*, kaonasi 考那斯 (Chinese)*
  Kavadarci Kavadarci (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Кавадарци (Macedonian)
  Kazan Cazã (Portuguese)*, Kazanj - Казань (Russian)*, Casan (Latin)*, Kasan (German)*, Kazan - カザン (Japanese)*, Kazan (Turkish)*, Kazań (Polish)*, Kazaņa (Latvian)*, Qazan (Azeri*, Tatar*), 喀山 (Chinese)*, ٌقازان (Arabic)*
  Kem Kemj' - Кемь (Russian)*, Kemi* or Vienan Kemi* (Finnish)
  Kemi Giepma (Northern Sami)*
 /  Kerch Keriç (Crimean Tatar*), Kerç (Azeri*, Turkish*), Kerč, i.e. Kerch - Керч (Ukrainian)*, Kerč - Керчь (Russian)*, Kercz (Polish)*, Kerci (Romanian)*, Kertš (Finnish)*, Kertsch (German)*, Krč (older Croatian)*, 刻赤 (Chinese)*
  Kętrzyn Kętrzyn (Polish)*, Rastenburg (German)*
  Kharkiv Carcóvia (Portuguese)*, Charkov (Czech*, Slovak*), Charkovas (Lithuanian)*, Charkow (German), Charkiv / Charkov (Dutch)*, Charków (Polish)*, Hā'ěrkēfū - 哈尔科夫 (simplified) 哈爾科夫 (traditional) (Chinese), Hareukiu / Harŭk'iu - 하르키우 (Korean)*, Harkov (Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene), Harkova (Latvian*, Finnish*), Harkov (Hungarian)*, Hárkovo - Χάρκοβο (Greek)*, Harukiu - ハルキウ (Japanese)*, Karkov (Turkish)*, Kharkiv - Харків (Ukrainian)*, Kharkov or Khar'kov or Kharjkov - Харьков (Russian)*, خاركوف (Arabic)
  Kičevo Kërçovë (Albanian), Kičevo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Kičevo - Кичево (Macedonian)
  Kiel Kiel (Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Low Saxon*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Kil (North Frisian)*, Ķīle (Latvian)*, Kilonia (Polish)*, Kylis (Lithuanian)*, Quília (Portuguese, rare)*,[2] Kielo - Κίελο (Greek)*, 基爾 (Chinese)
  Kielce Kielce (Polish)*, Kelts - קעלץ (Yiddish)*, Keljcy - Кельцы*, Keljce - Кельце (Russian)* (Russian)
  Kikinda Chichinda Mare (Romanian)*, Grosskikinda (German)*, Nagykikinda (Hungarian*)
  Kırklareli Kırkkilise (former Ottoman Turkish)*, Kırklareli (Turkish)*, Lozengrad - Лозенград (Bulgarian)*, Qırxlareli (Azeri)*, Saránda Eklisiés - Σαράντα Εκκλησιές* / Saránda Eklisíe - Σαράντα Ἐκκλησίαι* (Greek)
  Kilkenny Cill Chainnigh (Irish)*
  Killarney Cill Áirne (Irish)
  Kirov Iljna - Ильна (historic Mari),[KNAB] Iljna-ola - Ильна-ола (historic Mari),[KNAB] Ilna - Илна (historic Meadow Mari), Ilna-ola - Илна-Ола (historic Meadow Mari),[3] Jīluòfū - 基洛夫 (Mandarin Chinese*), Kiraŭ - Кіраў (Belarusian*), Kirov - Киров (Russian*),[KNAB] Kirov - Кіров (Ukrainian*), Kirow (Polish*), Kīrofu - キーロフ (Japanese*), Kolın - Колын (historic Tatar), Kylno - Кылно (historic Udmurt),[KNAB] Vatka - Ватка (historic Udmurt),[KNAB] Vätka - Вятка (historic Tatar), Vjatka - Вятка (historic Russian [1780–1934]),[KNAB] Vyatoka - ヴャトカ (historic Japanese*), Xlynov - Хлынов (historic Russian [ca. 1457–1780])[KNAB]
  Kiruna Giron (Northern Sami)*, Gierun (Lule Sami), Kieruna (Meänkieli), Kiiruna (Finnish)*, Kiruna (Swedish)*, Kiruna / K'iruna - 키루나 (Korean)
  Klagenfurt Clagenfurth (historic German), Klagenfurt (German*, Dutch*, Romanian*), Clanfurt (Friulian*), Celovec (Czech*, Slovene*), Kurāgenfuruto - クラーゲンフルト (Japanese)*, Želanec (alternative Czech name)*
  Klaipėda Klaipeda (Estonian*, Finnish*), Klaipėda (Lithuanian*, Romanian*), Klaipēda (Latvian)*, Klaipieda (Samogitian)*, Klajpeda (Belarusian)*, Kłajpeda (Polish)*, Meemel (former Estonian)*, Memel* and Memelburg* (German), Mēmele (former Latvian)*
  Kłodzko Kłodzko (Polish), Kladsko (Czech and Slovak), Klodzkas (Lithuanian), Glatz (German), Glacium or Glacensis urbs (Latin)
  Klosters Claustra (Romansh), Claustra-Sernaus (alternative Romansh), Klosters (German)*, 克洛斯達斯 (Chinese)
  Kobarid Caporetto (Italian*, Romanian*), Cjaurêt (Friulian)*, Karfreit (German)*, Kobarid (Slovene)*
  Kokkola Kokkola (Finnish), Karleby (Swedish), Gamlakarleby (old Swedish)
  Kolkwitz Gołkojce (Lower Sorbian), Kolkwitz (Niederlausitz) (German)*
  Kolomyia Colomeea (Romanian)*, Kilemey - קילעמײ (Yiddish)*, Kolomea (German)*, Kołomyja (Polish)*, Kolomyja - Коломия (Ukrainian)*, Kolomyja - Коломыя (Russian)*
  Komárno Komarne (Yiddish), Komarno - Комарно (Bulgarian), Komárno (Slovak)*, Révkomárom / Öreg-komárom / Komárom (Hungarian)*
  Komárom Komárom (Hungarian)*, Komárno (Slovak)*
  Komotini Gümülcine (Turkish)*, Komotini - Κομοτηνή (Greek)*, GjumjurdžinaГюмюрджина (Bulgarian)*, Comotena (Latin)*
  Kondopoga Kondopoga - Кондопога (Russian)*, Kontupohja (Finnish)*
  Konstanz Constance (French*, English variant*), Constança* / Constância* (Portuguese), Costanza (Italian)*, Konstanca (Serbian)*, Konstanca (Hungarian)*, Konstancja* / Konstanca* (Polish), Kostnice (Czech)*, Konstántza - Κωνστάντζα* / Konstandía - Κωνσταντία* (Greek), 康斯坦茨 (Chinese)
  Köpenick Köpenick (German)*, Kopanica (Polish)*, Kopník (Czech)*
  Koper Capodistria (Italian)*, Kopar (Croatian*, Serbian*), Koper (Slovene*, Hungarian *, Polish *), Cjaudistre (Friulian)*
  Korçë Corizza (Italian)*, Görice (Turkish)*, Korča - Корча (Bulgarian)*, Korçë * / Korça* (Albanian), Koritsá - Κορυτσά (Greek)*
  Kortrijk Cortoriacum (Latin)*, Courtrai (French*, Italian*), Courtray (English variant)*, Kortreikas*, Kortriek (Limburgish)*, Kortrijk (Afrikaans*, Dutch*), Cortrique (Spanish*)
  Košice Cassovia or Caschovia (Latin)*, Caşovia (old Romanian)*, Kassa (Hungarian)*, Cassovie (French)*, Kaschau (German)*, Kasha (Romani)*, Kashòy - קאַשוי (Yiddish), Košice (Czech*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*), Kösice (Turkish), Košycy - Кошицы, Košicе - Кошице (Russian*), Košyсe, i.e. Koshytse - Ко́шице (Ukrainian*), Košyсi, i.e. Koshytsi - Ко́шиці (older Ukrainian variant*), Koszyce (Polish)*, קושיצה (Hebrew)
  Kosovo Polje Amselfeld (German)*, Câmpia Mierlei (Romanian)*, Champ des merles (French)*, Fushë Kosova (Albanian)*, Kosova Ovası (Turkish), Kosovo Polje (Serbian*, Slovene), Kosowe Pole (Polish)*, Kosifopédhio - Κοσσυφοπέδιο (Greek)*, Merelveld (Afrikaans*, Dutch*), Rigómező (Hungarian, only in historic context)*
  Kotor Cátaro (Portuguese)*, Cattaro (Italian)*, Kotor (Croatian*, Serbian*)
  Kovel Kovel' - Ковель (Russian*, Ukrainian*), Kovl - קאָװל (Yiddish)*, Kowel (Polish)*
  Kozani Kozani - Κοζάνη (Greek)*, Kožani - Кожани (Bulgarian)*, Cojani (Aromanian)
  Kraków Cracovia (Latin, Italian*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Cracòvia (Catalan*), Cracóvia (Portuguese)*, Cracovie (French*), Cracow (English)*, Keurakupeu / K'ŭrak'up'ŭ - 크라쿠프 (Korean), Krakaŭ - Кракаў (Belarusian)*, Kraká (Icelandic)*, Krakau (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*), Krakiv - Краків (Ukrainian)*, Krakkó (Hungarian)*, Krakov (Croatian*, Czech*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Krakov - Краков (Bulgarian*, Russian*, Serbian*), Krakova (Latvian*, Finnish*), Krakovía - Κρακοβία (Greek)*, Krakovja (Maltese), Krakovo (Esperanto)*, Krakow (English)*, Kraków (Polish*, Swedish*), Krākūf - كراكوف (Arabic*, Persian*), Kroke - קראָקע (Yiddish)*, Krokuva (Lithuanian)*, Kurakufu - クラクフ (Japanese)*, კრაკოვი (Georgian)*, 克拉科夫 (Kèlākēfu) (Chinese)*
  Kristianstad Christianstad (Danish)*, Christianstadt (former German)*, Kristianstad (German*, Swedish*), Kristianstadas (Lithuanian)*
  Kristinestad Christinae Stadh (former Swedish)*, Kristiinankaupunki (Finnish)*, Kristinestad (Swedish)*, Kristingrad - Кристинград (Serbian)*, Krinstianstad (Polish)*
  Krnov Carnovia (Latin)*, Jägerndorf (German)*, Karniów (former Polish)*, Krnov (Czech)*, Krnów (Polish)*
  Kropyvnytskyi Kropõvnõtskõi (Estonian)*, Kropybnyc’kyj Кропивницький (Ukrainian)*
  Kudowa-Zdrój Bad Kudowa (German)*, Chudoba (Czech)*, Kudowa-Zdrój (Polish)*
  Kumanovo Kumanovo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Kumanowo (Polish)* Kumanovo - Куманово (Macedonian)
  Kuressaare Arensburg (former German*, former Swedish*), Kuressaari (Finnish)*
  Kwidzyn Kwidzyn (Polish)*, Marienwerder (German)*
  Kyiv Chiu (old Romanian)[citation needed], Cív (Irish), Jīfǔ - 基辅 (simplified) 基輔 (traditional) (Chinese), Kænugarður (Icelandic)*, Kíev (Catalan), Kiefu - キエフ / Kīu - キーウ (Japanese)*, Kiëv (Dutch)*, Kiev (Interlingua, Italian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Kiev - קיִעװ (Yiddish)*, Kijeŭ - Кіеў (Belarusian)*, Kíevo - Κίεβο (Greek)*, Kiew (German)*, Kiiev (Estonian)*, Kijev (Croatian*, Hungarian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Kijeva (Latvian)*, Kijevas (Lithuanian)*, Kiyev (Azeri)*, Kijów (Polish)*, Kiova (Finnish)*, Kiyepeu / K'iyep'ŭ - 키예프 (Korean), Kiyev - Киев (Russian)*, Kīyif - كييف (Arabic), Kyjev (Czech*, Slovak*), Kyyiv, Kyiv - Київ (Ukrainian*), Kiev - Киев (Macedonian*), Kiōvia (Latin), Qiyev - קייב (Hebrew)*, Quieve (Portuguese variant)*
   Kyle of Lochalsh Caol Loch Aillse (Scots Gaelic)*, Kayl Oyfn Loch (Yiddish)
 /  Kyrenia Cirénia / Cirênia (Portuguese)*, Girne (Turkish)*, Kerínia - Κερύνεια (Greek)*

L edit

English name Other names or former names
  L'Aquila after 1939

Àquëlë or L'Aquila (Neapolitan*), Aquila or Aquilana civitas (Latin*), Áquila (Portuguese*), L'Àcuiła or Ł'Aquiła (Venetian*), L'Àgogia (Ligurian*), L'Akuila (Azerbaijani*), L'Akvila (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Lakvila (Albanian*), L'Aquila (Italian*, Basque*, Breton*, Bosnian*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Czech*, Danish*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, Galician*, German*, Hungarian*, Irish*, Luxembourgish*, North Frisian*, Norwegian*, Norwegian Nynorsk*, Occitan*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scots*, Serbo-Croatian*, Slovack*, Slovenian*, Spanish*, Swedish*, Turkish*, Welsh*, West Frisian*), La-Aglo (Esperanto*), Λ' Άκουιλα (Greek*), Акуила (Bulgarian*), Л’Акуіла (Belarusian*), Л'Акуила (Chechen*, Kazakh*, Tatar*), Л’А́куила or Аквила or Акуила or Л’Аквила (Russian*, Sakha*), Л’Акуилæ (Ossetic*), Л’Аквила (Serbian*), L'Ákvila - Л'А́квіла or L'Ákujila - Л'А́куїла (Ukrainian*), Լ'Աքվիլա (Armenian*), ლ’აკვილა (Georgian*)

between 1863 and 1939

Aquila degli Abruzzi (Italian*, Czech*, Norwegian*, Norwegian Nynorsk*, Slovack*), Aquila or Aquila Aprutiorum or Aquilia or Aquila in Vestinis or Aquilana civitas (Latin*), Áquila (Portuguese*), Akvila djel'i Adrucci - Аквила дельи Абруцци (Russian*)

before 1863

Aquila (Italian*, Czech*, Norwegian*, Slovack*), Aquila or Aquilia or Aquila in Vestinis or Aquilana civitas or Avella or Avia or Furconia or Furconium (Latin*), Áquila (Portuguese*), Akvila - Аквила (Russian*)

  Labin Albona (Italian), Labin - Лабин (Croatian, Serbian, Russian)
  Lahti Lahti (Estonian, Finnish, Romanian, Slovene, Polish), Lahtis (Swedish)
  Lakhva Łachwa (Polish), LahvaЛахва (Belarusian, Russian), לחווא (Hebrew), לאַכװע (Yiddish)
  Lappeenranta Lappeenranta (Estonian, Finnish), Villmanstrand (Swedish)
  Lausanne Lausana (Catalan, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Lausanne (Dutch*, French*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Laŭzano (Esperanto)*, Losanen (former German)*, Losanna (Italian*, Romansh*), Lozan (Armenian, Turkish*), Lozana (Serbian), LozániΛωζάνη (Greek)*, Lozanna (Latvian*, Polish*), Luzana (Slovene)*, Rojan - 로잔 (Korean)*, Rōzannu – ローザンヌ (Japanese)*, 洛桑 (Chinese)*
  Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (Dutch, Finnish, French, German), Liwwadden (Town Frisian), Ljouwert (West Frisian), Laiwert (Gronings)
  Leghorn Liorna (Spanish), Livorno (Dutch, Finnish, German, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian), LivórnoΛιβόρνο (Greek), Livorno - ליוורנו or ליבורנו (Hebrew), Livourne (French)
  Legnica Legnica (Polish), Lehnice (Czech), Liegnitz (Dutch, German)
   Leicester Caerlŷr (Welsh), Leicestria (Church Latin), L'sesteh (Yiddish), Ratae (Latin), لستر (Persian), Lestera (Latvian), 萊斯特 (Mandarin Chinese), 李斯特 (Cantonese), レスター (Japanese)
  Leiden Leida (Italian, Portuguese, Romanian), Leiden (Dutch, German, Slovene), Lejda (Polish), Leien (West Frisian), Leyde (French), Leyden (variant in English), Reiden – 레이덴 (Korean), 莱頓 (Chinese)
  Leipzig Lajpcig (Serbian), LajpcygЛяйбцыґ (Belarusian), Leipciga (Latvian), Leipcigas (Lithuanian), Leipsic (older English), Leipsick (former French), Leipzig (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Lejpcigo (Esperanto), Lepsiko (Esperanto) Lipcse (Hungarian), Lipsca (old Romanian), LipsíaΛειψία (Greek), Lipsia (Italian, Latin, Old Castillian*), Lípsia (Portuguese), Lipsk (Lower Sorbian, Polish), Lipsko (Czech, Slovak), Raipeuchihi / Raip'ŭch'ihi – 라이프치히 (Korean), 萊比錫 (Chinese), Raiputsihi – ライプツィヒ (Japanese)*
  Lębork Lauenburg (German), Lębork (Polish), Lãbòrg (Kashubian)
  Leuven Leuven (Afrikaans, Dutch, Finnish), Louvain (French, Romanian), Lováin (Irish), Lovaina (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish), Lovaň (Czech), Lovanio (Italian), Löwen (German), LouvéniΛουβαίνη (Greek), Lovin (Walloon), Léiwen (Luxembourgish), Lovanium (Latin), Lowanium (Polish), 魯汶 (Chinese)
  Lezhë Lezhë / Lezha (Albanian), Alessio (Italian), Lješ Љеш (Serbian, Montenegrin)
  Liberec Reichenberg (German)
  Liège Liège (French, Hungarian, Swedish), Lîdje / Lîdge (Walloon), Léck (Luxembourgish), Leodium (Latin), L'ežЛьеж (Russian), Liege (Finnish, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish), Liége (former French, Portuguese), Liegi (Italian), Lieĝo (Esperanto), Lieja (Catalan, archaic Portuguese, Spanish), Λιέγη (Greek), LiežЛиеж (Bulgarian), Liež - Лиеж (Serbian), Lježa (Latvian), Lježas (Lithuanian), Liežiლიეჟი (Georgian*), Luik (Afrikaans, Dutch), Lutych (Czech), Lüttich (German), Luuk (Luik) (Limburgish), Rieju – 리에주 (Korean), ولييج (Arabic), ליאז (Hebrew), Riēju – リエージュ (Japanese)*, 列日 (Chinese)*
  Liepāja Lėipuojė (Samogitian)*, Lepai (Veps)*, Libau (German),[KNAB] Libav (historic Veps), LibavaЛибава (historic Russian),[KNAB] LibavaЛібава (historic Belaussian, historic Ukrainian), Libaveליבאַװע (Yiddish), Liepai (alternative Veps), Liepāja (Estonian*, Finnish*, Latvian*,[KNAB] Romanian*), Liepaja - Лиепая (Russian)*,[KNAB] Liepaja - Ліепая (Belarusian)*, Lijepaja - Лієпая (Ukrainian)*, Līepõ (Livonian),[KNAB] Liepoja (Lithuanian)*,[KNAB] Liibavi (historic Estonian),[KNAB] Liibo (Estonian variant),[KNAB] Liibu (Estonian variant),[KNAB] Liibuse (Estonian variant),[KNAB] Liipavi (Estonian variant),[KNAB] Lipawa (Polish)*,[KNAB] Līpuoja (Latgalian), Lìyēpàyà - 利耶帕亞 (Mandarin Chinese)*, Riepāya - リエパーヤ (Japanese)*
  Lier Lier (Dutch), Lierre (French)
  Lille Lila (Portuguese, rare)*, Lille (French, Finnish, German, Latvian, Portuguese, Romanian), Rijsel (Dutch), Lil (Serbian), Lilla (Catalan, Italian), Lillo (Esperanto), Ryssel (former German), Λίλλη (Greek), 里爾 (Chinese), Liliლილი (Georgian*), Ril - 릴 (Korean)*
  Limoges Lemòtges / Limòtges (Occitan), Llemotges (Catalan)*Limož (Serbian), 列摩日 (Chinese)
  Limassol LemesosΛεμεσός (Greek), Leymosun (obsolete Turkish), Limasol (Turkish), Limisso (Venetian/Italian)
  Limerick Limeriko (Esperanto), Luimneach (Irish), Luimneach (Scottish Gaelic)*, 利默里克 (Chinese),
  Linköping Lincopia (Latin), Lincopinga (Portuguese, rare)*, Linköping (Danish, Finnish, Swedish), 林雪平 (Chinese)
  Linz Lentia (Latin), Linca (Latvian), Líncia (Portuguese)*, Linec (Czech), Linz (Catalan, German, Finnish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Rincheu / Rinch'ŭ – 린츠 (Korean), 林茨 (Chinese)
  Lipany Lipany (Slovak, Czech), Siebenlinden (German), Septemtiliae (Latin), Héthárs (Hungarian)
  Lisbon Liospóin (Irish), Lisabon (Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak), Lisabona (Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian), Lisban - ලිස්බන් (Sinhala), Lisboa (Catalan*, Ladino, Portuguese, Spanish, Tagalog*, Norwegian), Lisbona (Italian, Maltese), Lisbonne (French), Lisbono (Esperanto), Lišbūna, Lashbuna, Lishbuna, Ushbuna, al-Ushbuni (Arabic),[4] Lissabon (Azeri, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, German, Russian, Swedish), LissavónaΛισσαβώνα (Greek), Lisszabon (Hungarian), Lizbon (Armenian, Turkish), Lizbona (Polish, Slovene), Riseubon / Risŭbon – 리스본 (Korean), Risubon – リスボン (Japanese)*, Ushbune (old Arabic), Lǐsīběn – 里斯本 (Chinese), ليسبون (Persian), Lisaboniლისაბონი (Georgian*), Olisīpō (Latin), Olissipōn - Ὀλισσιπών (Ancient Greek) Wliksybama / Vvlixibama (Old Frisian)
   Liverpool Learpholl (Irish), Lerphoyll (Manx), Lerpwl (Welsh), Liverpul (Portuguese, rare)*, Liverpūle (Latvian), Liverpulis (Lithuanian), Liverpulo (Esperanto), Llynlleifiad (former Welsh), Poll a' Ghrùthain (Scottish Gaelic)*, Ribapūru – リバプール (Japanese)*, Ribeopul / Ribŏp'ul – 리버풀 (Korean), 利物浦 (Chinese), ليورپول (Persian), Liverpuliლივერპული (Georgian*), লিভারপুল - Libharpul (Bengali),
  Livorno Liorna (Catalan), Livorno or Leghorn (English), Livourne (French), 利禾奴 / 利沃諾 (Chinese)
  Ljubljana Laibach (German), Liubliana (Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish), Lublanë (Albanian), Liublijana (Lithuanian), Liúibleána (Irish), Liyūbliyānā (Arabic), Ljubljana (Catalan, Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Maltese, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish), LjubljanaЉубљана (Macedonian, Serbian), Lubiana (Italian), Lubjanë (Albanian), Lyublyana (Azeri), Lublaň (Czech), Ļubļana (Latvian), Lublana (Polish), Ľubľana (Slovak), Lubliyana (Turkish), LioubliánaΛιουμπλιάνα (Greek), LiublianaЛюблянa (Russian), Ryubeullyana / Ryubŭllyana - 류블랴나 (Korean)*, Ryuburyana – リュブリャナ (Japanese)*, 盧布爾雅那 (Chinese)*, Liublianaლიუბლიანა (Georgian*), লিউব্লিয়ানা - Liubliyana (Bengali),
  Lleida Ilerda (Latin), Iltirda / Ildirda (Iberian), Lerida (Italian, Romanian), Lérida (French, Portuguese, Spanish), Lleida (Catalan, Finnish)
  Löbau Löbau (German), Lubij (Upper Sorbian), Lubiniec (Polish)
  Łódź Lodsch (German variant), Łódź (Polish), Lodz (German variant), former name:Litzmannstadt (German, 1940–1945), Lodzh - לאדזש (Yiddish), Lodzia (Latin), Lodž, (Slovene), 罗兹 (Chinese)
   London Landan - ලන්ඩන් (Sinhala), (Llundain (Welsh), Londër (Albanian), Londain (Irish), London (Azeri, Hungarian), LondanЛёндан (Belarusian), Londe (Limburgish), Londen (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), LondhínoΛονδίνο (Greek), Londinium (Latin), Londona (Latvian), Londonas (Lithuanian), Londono (Esperanto), London (German), Londra (Albanian, Italian, Maltese, Romanian, Romansh, Turkish), Londres (Catalan, French, Ladino, Portuguese, Spanish, Tagalog*), Londrez (Breton), Londyn (Polish), Londýn (Czech, Slovak), Lontoo (Finnish), Loundres (Cornish), Luân Đôn (Vietnamese), Lundenwic (Anglo-Saxon), Lúndūn – 伦敦 (simplified) 倫敦 (traditional) (Chinese), Lundúnir (Icelandic), Lunnainn (Scottish Gaelic), Lunnin (Manx), Reondeon / Rŏndŏn – 런던 (Korean), Rondon – ロンドン (Japanese)*, لندن (Arabic, Persian, Urdu), Londoniლონდონი (Georgian*), Lontuni (tswana, sotho, zulu), London - Лондон (Bulgaria)
   Londonderry see Derry
  Longwy Longwy (French), Langich (German), Lonkech or Lonkesch (Luxembourgish)
  Lourdes Lorda (Catalan, Occitan), Lourde (Provençal), Lourdes (French, Finnish, Irish, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian), Lurda (Basque), Lurdes (Portuguese variant)*, Lurds - ලූර්ඩ්ස් (Sinhala), Lurdy (Czech), Lourdē - Λούρδη (Greek – καθαρεύουσα)
  Lübben Lübben (German), Lubin (Lower Sorbian, Polish)
  Lübbenau Lübbenau (German), Lubnjow (Lower Sorbian)
  Lübeck Libek (Serbian), Lībeka (Latvian), Liubekas (Lithuanian), Lubecca (Italian), Lübeck (French, German, Low Saxon, Romanian, Swedish), Lubek (Czech), Lubeka (Polish), Lubeque (Portuguese), Lüübek (Estonian), Lyypekki (Finnish), Λυβέκη (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Liubice (old Slavic name)*, Lybæk (former Danish), Rwibekeu / Rwibek'ŭ – 뤼베크 (Korean), 呂貝克 (Chinese)
  Lublin Civitas Lublinensis (Latin), Liublinas (Lithuanian), LjublinЛюблин (Bulgarian, Russian), LublinЛублин (Macedonian), Lublino (Italian), Ļubļina (Latvian), Люблін (Belarusian, Ukrainian), לובלין (Hebrew), Ruburin – ルブリン (Japanese)*, 盧布林 (Chinese)
  Lucca Luca (Portuguese), Lucca (Catalan, Dutch, German, Italian, Romanian), Lucques (French), LukaЛука (Bulgarian), Lukka (Polish)
  Lucerne Liucerna (Lithuanian), Lucern (Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Lucerna (Italian, Latvian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Spanish), Lucerne (French), LukérniΛουκέρνη (Greek), Luzern (Afrikaans, Dutch, Finnish, German, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish), Luzerna (Basque, Catalan), Ruchereun / Ruch'erŭn – 루체른 (Korean)
  Lugano Lügan (Lombard), Lauis (old German), Ligiaun (Romansh), Lugano (Catalan, French, German, Italian, Maltese, Spanish, Portuguese*), Rugano – 루가노 (Korean)
  Luhansk LuganskЛуганск (Russian)*, Voroshilovgrad (1935–1958, 1970–1990)
  Lugoj Logoş (Turkish), Lugoj (French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Lugos (Hungarian)*, LugošЛугош or LugožЛугож (Serbian)*, Lugosch (German)*, LugozhЛугож (Russian)*
  Luleå Julevu (Lule Sami), Liuleo (Lithuanian*), LouléoΛουλέο (Greek*), Lula (Latin*), Luleå (Swedish*), Lulėja (alternative Lithuanian), Luleju (Northern Sami*), Luleo (Azerbaijani*) – Лулео (Macedonian*, Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Lūleo (Latvian*), Luulaja (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Lüvllege (Ume Sami), Rureoルレオ (Japanese*)
  Lund Lund (Danish, French, German, Swedish), Lunda (Latin, Latvian), 隆德 (Chinese), Lundur (Icelandic)
  Lüneburg Lüneburch (Low Saxon), Lunebourg (French), Lüneburg (German, Romanian), Luneburgo (Italian, Portuguese), Lunenburg (Dutch, variant in English), 呂內堡 (Chinese)
  Lutsk Luckas (Lithuanian), LucjkЛуцьк (Ukrainian), Luţk (Romanian), Luc'k (Italian), Łuck (Polish) Luzk (German)
  Luxembourg Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish), Liuksemburgas (Lithuanian), LjuksemburgЛюксембург (Bulgarian, Russian), Ljuksemburh (Ukrainian), Lucemburk (Czech), Lucsamburg (Irish, Scottish Gaelic), Lục Xâm Bảo (Vietnamese), Luksemboarch (Frisian), LuksemburgЛюксэмбурґ(Belarusian), Luksemburg (Croatian, Polish, Serbian, Slovene), Luksemburg - Луксембург (Macedonian), Lüksemburg (Turkish), Luksemburga (Latvian), Luksemburgiლუქსემბურგი (Georgian*), Luksemburgo (Esperanto, Ladino), Lussemburgo (Italian), Lussemburgu (Maltese), Lussimbork (Walloon), Lützelburg (former German), Luxemborg / Luxembourg / Luxemburg (Danish), Luxembourg (Estonian, French, Hungarian), Lúxemborg (Icelandic), Luxemburg (Afrikaans, Basque variant, Catalan, Dutch, English variant, Finnish, German, Romanian, Slovak, Swedish), Luxemburgia (Latin variant), Luxemburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Luxemburgum (Latin), LuxemvúrghoΛουξεμβούργο (Greek), Luxenburgo (Basque), Lwcsembwrg (Welsh), Ruksembureukeu / Ruksemburŭk'ŭ – 룩셈부르크 (Korean), Rukusemburuku – ルクセンブルク (Japanese)*, 盧森堡 (Chinese), লাক্সেমবার্গ - Lakshembarg' (Bengali)
  Lviv Lwów (Polish), İlbav (Crimean Tatar), Ilov (Armenian), Ilyvó (old Hungarian), Lavov (Croatian, Serbian), Lemberg or Leopoldstadt (archaic) (German, former Hungarian), Lembergלעמבערג or Lemberikלעמבעריק (Yiddish), LeópolisΛεόπολις (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Léopol (French), Leopoli (Italian), Leopolis (Latin), Leópolis (Spanish, Portuguese*), Levov – לבוב (Hebrew), Liov (Romanian), Lìwòfū – 利沃夫 (Chinese (China)), Liweifu - 利維夫 (Chinese (Taiwan)), LvoŭЛьвоў (Belarusian), Lvov (Czech, Slovene), Lvovas (Lithuanian), Lvoviლვოვი (Georgian*), L'vivЛьвів (Ukrainian), L'vovЛьвов (Russian), Ľvov (Slovak), Ļvova, Ļviva (Latvian), Ribiu - 리비우(Korean)*, Riviu - リヴィウ(Japanese)
  Lycksele Liksjoe, (Southern Sami), Lïkssjuo (Northern Sami*, Ume Sami), Lycksele (Swedish*)
  Lyon León de Francia (former Spanish), Lião (Portuguese, rare)*, 里昂 (Chinese), Lionas (Lithuanian), Lió (Catalan), LiónΛυών (Greek), Λούγδουνον (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Liona (Latvian), Lione (Italian), Liono (Esperanto), Lion (Azeri, Serbian), Liyon (Arpitan, Turkish), Ludgun or Lwów francuski (former Polish), Lugdunum or Lugudunum (Latin), Lyon (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Slovene), Lyón (Spanish), Lyons (former English), Riong – 리옹 (Korean), Riyon – リヨン (Japanese)*, Lioniლიონი (Georgian*)

References edit

  1. [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  1. ^ "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
  2. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2006-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ Ӱпы̆марий (В. М. Васильев). Марий мутэр. Турлӧ вэрэ илы̆ше марийы̆н мутшы̆м таҥастарэн нэргэлы̆мэ кнага. СССР Калы̆к-влак Рӱдӧ Савы̆кты̆ш. Моско — 1926 (in Meadow Mari)
  4. ^ Évariste Lévi-Provençal (1993) [1927]. "Lisbon". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004097910.