Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen, established in the 1940s in downtown Milwaukie, Oregon, United States, at 10607 S.E. Main St., became the first black-owned and operated bakery in the state when Hurtis Mixon Hadley, Sr., and his wife Dorothy Butler-Bishop Hadley of Portland, Oregon purchased it in 1977. At that time, there were fewer than two percent African-Americans in the state and even fewer Black-owned businesses. The Oregon Historical Society Museum selected the Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen for inclusion in a permanent exhibit in 2014.
_Hurtis_%26_Dorothy_Hadley.png) Hurtis and Dorothy Hadley Sr, Owners/Operators Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen, 1977 | |
| Company type | Partnership (Bakery) |
|---|---|
| Fate | Closed 1985 |
| Headquarters | , United States |
Area served | Clackamas County |
| Products | Pastries, cakes, breads |
| Owner | Hurtis Mixon Hadley, Sr., Dorothy Butler-Bishop Hadley |
Historical context
editHistorically, Oregon's exclusion laws and institutional practices prohibited non-whites from settling in the state.[1] Even after those laws were repealed in 1926, few African-Americans lived in Oregon.[2] Black workers were attracted to Portland's shipyards between 1939 and 1945 to support the war effort, but discriminatory lending practices and segregationist real estate policies limited opportunities for Black individuals to own businesses.[3]
Racial attitudes were slow to change. "Reflecting national trends resulting from the Civil Rights Movement, Portland's African-Americans began to receive more equal treatment in the 1950s. New areas of potential employment where they had traditionally been excluded opened."[2] The 1950 U.S. census records less than one percent of Oregon's population was African American; by 1990 it was about 1.7 percent.[2]
In 1959, Oregon voters finally ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,[1][4] which prohibits states from denying citizens the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 also ensured greater opportunities and access for minority citizens. More than a decade later, Hurtis Mixon Hadley and his wife Dorothy Butler-Bishop Hadley purchased the Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen and opened it for business. According to the Portland Observer, "Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen was not only the sole black-owned business in the city of Milwaukie at the time, but it was also the first black-owned bakery in the entire state of Oregon."[5]
Hadley learned his trade in Oregon's three-year Baker's Technology and Apprenticeship program, completing and graduating from the program in two years, making him the first Black person in Oregon to be state-certified as a journeyman baker.[6] As part of the apprenticeship program, Hadley attended Portland Community College, where he earned an Associate Degree in Baking Technology. According to the Northwest Labor Press, Hadley "...worked at several Albertsons in-store bakeries before accepting a job at the grocer as bakery manager/bakery trainer for the Oregon division. He had his eye on becoming a district manager, but was told at the time, 'Oregon isn't ready for a person of color in that position,' he said."[6]
Bakery operations, 1977 to 1985
edit
Although the Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen had been founded in the 1940s, when the Hadleys purchased it in 1977, the shop had been closed for several years because of the owner's illness. One of the previous owners had been Einar "Ed" Carlson, a Swedish immigrant who had also baked at Tradewell stores before retiring in 1969.[7]
According to proprietor Hurtis Hadley, Sr., his first year owning the bakery was tough. Not everyone was pleased "to have an accomplished black couple in their midst at the time, or black people at all in the mostly white town."[5] During that year, he was even falsely accused of robbing another business. Hadley said that after that first year, "business and the general reception, he and his wife received improved."[5]
Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen was a full-line bakery that offered specialty breads, assorted pastries, and creative birthday and wedding cakes. One of the bakery's featured specialties was "Cake On Wheels" in which Hurtis Hadley delivered a specialty cake dressed in a top hat and tails. He also sang a customized song for the person and/or occasion. Hadley baked and Dorothy Hadley, a former licensed cosmetologist, managed the front of the store and coordinated the catering service.[6] The bakery's slogan was "Put a Little Soul in Your Roll!"[5]
A photograph of the Hadleys in their bakery appeared in The Oregonian newspaper in 1979. It was used to illustrate an article, "Slogans Under Foot" about custom doormats such as the one at the bakery. The Hadleys' doormat featured the bakery slogan and an image of a baker carrying a steaming loaf of bread.[8]
Bakery closing, 1985
editFor eight years the bakery provided pastries to the Milwaukie community, but the business closed in 1985[6] following the national recession during Ronald Reagan's presidency.[9] The Milwaukie Pastry Kitchen was selected for inclusion in the Oregon Historical Society Museum permanent exhibit, "Oregon Voices: Change and Challenge in Modern Oregon History," in 2014.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Oregon Racial Laws and Events, 1844-1959" (PDF). Oregon Department of Education. State of Oregon. 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c "CCRH Presents: Local Color - Segregation in Modern Times". Center for Columbia River History, Promoting the Study of Columbia River Basin History. Washington State University Vancouver -- Portland State University -- Washington State Historical Society. 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
- ^ Shaw, Pete (November 28, 2012). "Why Aren't There More Black People in Oregon?". Portland Occupier. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
- ^ "CCRH Presents: Local Color - Timeline of African-American History in Oregon". Center for Columbia River History - Promoting the Study of Columbia River Basin History. Washington State University Vancouver -- Portland State University -- Washington State Historical Society. 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Sweet History - Couple Broke Racial Barriers in Business". Portland Observer. June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Oregon Historical Society Exhibit Features First Black-owned Bakery". NWLaborPress.org. Oregon Labor Press Publishing Co. Inc. 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ^ "Einar 'Ed' Carlson (Obituary)". obitz.us. September 23, 2000. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ^ Guernsey, John (January 10, 1979). "Business Slogans Under Foot". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. p. 31.
- ^ "Reagan's Recession". Pew Research Center. December 14, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ^ "Oregon Voices: Change and Challenge in Modern Oregon History". Oregon Historical Society. 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Further reading
edit- Ford, Chris (May 5, 1977). "Bakery Rises to the Occasion". The Skanner. Portland, Oregon: IMM Publications, Inc. p. 1.
- Loving, Lisa (July 25, 2014). "Local Business Owners Honored by Oregon Historical Society". The Skanner (Portland, Oregon: The Skanner News Group)
- Rendleman, Raymond (August 29, 2014). "Couple made history with Milwaukie bakery". Clackamas Review (Portland, Oregon: Pamplin Media Group)