Mickwitziids are a Cambrian group of shelly fossils with originally phosphatic valves, belonging to the Brachiopod stem group, and exemplified by the genus Mickwitzia – the other genera are Heliomedusa (a possible junior synonym of Mickwitzia?) and Setatella.[2] The family Mickwitziidae is conceivably paraphyletic with respect to certain crown-group brachiopods.[3]
| Mickwitzia Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Clade: | Brachiozoa |
| Stem group: | Brachiopoda |
| Family: | †Mickwitziidae Goryanskii, 1969 |
| Genus: | †Mickwitzia Schmidt, 1888 |
| Species | |
| |
Shell microstructure edit
Punctae or tubes penetrate through multiple shell wall layers, and individual punctae often develop a single, axial phosphatic tube. The shell comprises multiple phosphatic laminae; the region closest to the edge of the shell was presumably more organic-walled than phosphatized as it tends to be more flimsily preserved.[2]
Members of the genus appear to share characteristic shell microstructure in common with Tommotiids such as Micrina,[4] and like this taxon, mickwitziids may not have been able to enclose their entire body within a bivalved shell.[5]
The shells are punctuated with inward-directed hollow cones, conceivably associated with setae – though intact setae are exceptionally preserved along the margin of mickwitziid shells yet not found emanating from the cones, which have no evidence of ever incorporating setae.[2]
Included taxa edit
- Mickwitzia
- Oymurania[6]
- Setatella
Micrina edit
Heliomedusa edit
Heliomedusa orienta was first interpreted as a jellyfish - hence its name - but is now affiliated with Mickwitzia, as well as Craniopsids and Disciniids.
A craniid affinity has long been on the cards, and was the position of the Treatise.[7]
In 2007 a new interpretation reconstructed Heliomedusa as being the other way up - swapping the identity of the dorsal and ventral valves. On this view it was interpreted as a disciniid.[8]
This met with a mixed reception in the updated treatise[9] and was rejected by Zhang et al. 2009[10]
Zhang et al. (2009) state without argument that the ventral valve is larger than the dorsal valve, and argue that the ventral valve was situated downwards in living Heliomedusa. They argue that the pedicle identified by Chen et al. (2007), and central to their "ventral valve as dorsal" argument, was instead an internal structure corresponding to an infilled gut.
Affinity edit
Mickwitziids are stem-group brachiopods, with links to the tommotiid grade. Mickwitzia itself is conceivably synonymous with Heliomedusa.[2]
Distribution edit
The oldest mickwitziid dates to the Terreneuvian.[11]
References edit
- ^ Linnarsson, J. G. O. (1869). "IV.—On some Fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone, at Lugnås, in Sweden" (PDF). Geological Magazine. 6 (63): 393–406. Bibcode:1869GeoM....6..393L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800162910. S2CID 129861881.
- ^ a b c d Butler, A.D.; Streng, M.; Holmer, L.E.; Babcock, L.E. (2016). "Exceptionally preserved Mickwitzia from the Indian Springs Lagerstätte (Cambrian Stage 3), Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (6): 933–955. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.8. S2CID 81646340.
- ^ "Organophosphatic bivalve stem-group brachiopods".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1992). "Two new species of the Cambrian genus Mickwitzia". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (2): 173–182. Bibcode:1992JPal...66..173M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033680. JSTOR 1305903. S2CID 132405917.
- ^ Holmer, L. E.; Skovsted, C. B.; Williams, A. (2002). "A stem group brachiopod from the Lower Cambrian: Support for a Micrina (halkieriid) ancestry". Palaeontology. 45 (5): 875–882. Bibcode:2002Palgy..45..875H. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00265. S2CID 85069340.
- ^ "The new stem-group brachiopod Oymurania from the lower Cambrian of Siberia".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Williams, Alwyn; Brunton, C.H.C.; Carlson, S.J.; et al. (1997–2007). Kaesler, Roger L.; Selden, Paul (eds.). Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas.
- ^ Chen, J.-Y., Huang, D.-Y., and Chuang, S.-H. (2007). Reinterpretation of the Lower Cambrian brachiopod Heliomedusa orienta Sun and Hou, 1987a as a discinid. J. Paleontol. 81, 38–47.
- ^ Williams, A., Racheboeuf, P.R., Savage, N.M., Lee, D.E., Popov, L.E., Carlson, S.J., Logan, A., Lüter, C., Cusack, M., Curry, G.B., et al. (2007). "Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised)". In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pp. 2321–3226.
- ^ Zhang, Z., Li, G., Emig, C.C., Han, J., Holmer, L.E., and Shu, D. (2009). Architecture and function of the lophophore in the problematic brachiopod Heliomedusa orienta (Early Cambrian, South China). Geobios 42, 649–661.
- ^ Devaere, Léa; Holmer, Lars; Clausen, Sébastien; Vachard, Daniel (2014). "Oldest mickwitziid brachiopod from the Terreneuvian of southern France". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00021.2013.