The Mannanar (Malayalam: [mɐn:ɐnɐr]) were a Thiyya dynasty of Malabar, a well known ruler,[1] in the present-day Kannur and Kasaragod districts of India.[2][3][4][5] The ruins of Mannanar palace can still be seen at the foot of the Ghats borders of Coorg.[1] The Mannanar palace in Eruvesi to the North West of Taliparamba was called as Anju Aramana.Kunnathoor Padi Muthappan madapura and Padikutti temples were their royal family temples.[6]
Mannanar Dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ?–1902 AD | |||||||||
 Mannanar - The Thiyyar King | |||||||||
| Status | Feudatory | ||||||||
| Capital | Muthedath Aramanakkal-Anjukoor vazhcha | ||||||||
| Capital-in-exile | Kannur, Kasargod, Eruvessi- Malabar, Kerala,--  India | ||||||||
| Common languages | Malayalam | ||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||||||
| Government | Feudal | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | ? | ||||||||
• East India Company, Madras Presidency- Malabar | 1902 AD | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Kannur, kerala, India, | ||||||||
The head of the Mannanar family had royal emblems and could move about in manchal (palanquin) and take with him retainers wearing swords and shield. They had more than 200 armed Nair soldiers.[7][8] He has special rank and privileges, and has the title of Mannanar or Amachchiyar.[9][10][11] The ruler who held the third position was known as Vazhunnavar.[12]
A Mannanars stani (dignitary or holder of title) Muthedath Aramanakkal family had the authority to decide disputes within the caste and Jurisdiction was invoked on appeal. Muthedath Aramanakal Kunhi kelappaan Mannanar and krishnan Vazhunnavar had land holding in the eastern hilly tracts of Chirakkal Thaluk and is noted to have given refuge.[13][14]
Etymology edit
He is referred to as Mannanar (Mannan Means = King ar = honorific plural suffix), also (mannan) meaning king and ar, which pluralises it. That word derivered from King[15][16]
Kingdom edit
History edit
In the Malayalam mannan means king and 'ar' pluralises the name for adding respectability to it. Mannanar dynasty had thrived for several centuries in Eruvessi, north east of Taliparamba in North Malabar.[17] He was called ruler of the five places and he had five palaces Moothedath Aramana, Elayidath Aramana, Puthan Araman, Puthiyidath Aramana and Mundaya Aramana. He also had royal establishments, such as fortress, palace, assembly hall, performance theatre and living mansion.[17] Armed with swords and shields, 200 Nairs Soldiers had to escort him. His assumption to the throne was by the performance of the ritual Aryittuvazhcha (offer of rice to gods as an auspicious item indicating prosperity) as in the case of the Zamorin.[17] His personal residence (living mansion) had adorned the name mannanar kotta or the king's fort.[17]
C.A. innes was the Special Settlement Officer in Malabar. According to the Survey Settlement Register of Eruveshi Land No. 81, Chirakal Taluk, Malabar District, published from Kozhikode on 30-03-1905, Moothedath Aramanaikkal Kunjikelappan Mannanar has several acres of land in Eruveshi Land. Of these, 23 mountains are listed separately – Areekal mala, Karinkanyamala, Cherambathan mala, Mottumala, Mundan Vilangamala, Vanchiaramala, Adapatamala, Vellatam, Paramala, Karumpath Paramala, Kallangacheri mala, Elampanam mala, Palliyambamala, Ariidum kalamala, Kiliyatuparamala, Kunayanpuzumamala, Ottapunam mala, Vaali Elambamalamala, Kodakan Korandimala Kallu Mala, Vilangamala, Tarannenmavumala, two Kshetrakad Paithalmala in Pullalam, Kotan Pilavumala in the East and the Western Ghats to the eastern border of Karnataka. Apart from this, there are Aramanaparam, Kottamullaparambu, Munya Aramanaparam, Munya Tundi, Munya Paramba, Kitchenkunn Mala, Punakandiparambu, Valliyambamala Parambu, Puzhayaruvath Parambu, Padikkutazhekari, Ara Manakandi Parambu, Kitchinkunnu Parambu, Phuyadath Parambu, Malayan's Parambu, Karuvellari Eastekarambu, Velayampamala.The extent of the hilly areas alone, extending from the Western Ghats to the eastern Karnataka border, is 2230 acres.[4] Apart from this, a large amount of agricultural land in several survey numbers is also recorded in the name of Aramanakkal Kelappan Mannanar at Muthetadath.[4]
In 1905, after the introduction of Janmi-tenant system, the British Government published the Settlement Register including these places. In 1822, the Mannanar dynasty declined when the British imposed a large land tax. It was Karakkattidam Nayanars who were vassals of Mannanars who were allowed to collect taxes in Chuzhali Swarupam which included Eruveshi.[4] The rule at that time was that the person in whose name the land was taxed would automatically become entitled. To make matters worse, Chirakal Kovilaka was against Mannanar and in favor of Karakkattidam.[4] With the support of Kovilakam, the Nayanamars literally started crushing the Mannanars to death. In connection with that, litigation was held in Thalassery Sub Court and Payyannur Tukhipidi (Thukitti) Magistrate Court. No. 307 registered in Payyannur Court in 1859 is a living one. The case occurred when the last Mannanar in the history of the Mannanar clan, Muthetattarmanakal Kunhikelapan Mannanar, was killed. Kunjikelappan Mannanar, who was returning after checking the accounts at Nuchiat Temple, was accompanied by five escorts. The assailants brought from Malappuram surrounded and stabbed Mannanare to death with a dagger. Police records show that Mannanar was killed by unknown persons on 27 March 1902.[4]
The last of the Mannanars, Kunjikelappan died in 1901-1902 AD. His wife respectably called Ammachiyàr (revered mother) and two of his children were alive in the thirties.[17] The Mannanar who followed matriarchal system as a means of his survival, used to dine at the palace of the Chirakkal raja on important occasions when for him food had to be served on tender plantain leaf named pattila (silken leaf) and for other princes on plantain leaf softened over the fire.[17] When the palaces of other rajas in Kerala are called Kovilakams or Kottarams, only Mannanar's is called Aramana, the mansion of the king (aracha (king) + mana (king's court). For these reasons and for many other, Kampil Ananthan believes that he was the oldest ruler of Kerala.[17]
After the overlordship of the Nampootiri was established, it was the social responsibility of the Mannanar to give protection to either as his wife or as his sister to the Nampootiri woman ex-communicated from her family for offences like infidelity, loss of chastity and violation of the rules of pollution.[17] His palaces and mansions have broken down due to neglect in the absence of successors.
Smarthavicharam edit
Mannanar provide a comfortable home for Nambudiri women who were thrown out of caste, and thus in the ordinary course of events doomed to every misery and degradation to be found in life. On being outcast, the funeral ceremonies of Nambutiri women were performed by her own people, and she became dead to them.[9] She went to the Mannanar. And her birth ceremonies were performed, so that she might being life anew in a state of purity. If, on arrival, she entered by left door, she was his wife. If, by the front door, his sister. It is said that. When their chief, Mannanar of the Aramana. Is destitute of heirs, the Thiyyas of Kolathunadu go in processing to the kurumattur Nambutiri (chief of the peringallur Brahmins) and demand a Brahman virgin to be adopted as sister of Mannanar, who follow Marumakkathayam rule of succession. This demand, it is said, used to be granted by the Nambutiries assembling at a meeting. And selecting a maiden to be given to the Thiyyas.[9]
Customs edit
The well-known Mannanar belonged to the Varakat illam (Varaka Thiyyar).[9] The Varaka Thiyyar or Varakat illam Mannanar were further allowed to wear gold jewels on the neck, to don silken cloth, to fasten a sword round the waist, and to carry a shield. Th sword was made of thin pliable steel, and worn round the like belt, the point being fastened to the hilt through a small hole near the point.[18]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b A.Ayyappan (1944). Iravas and Culture Change Vol.5 issue 1 of Bulletin of the madras government museum. Government press. p. 18.
- ^ "Dr.shyamalan presents Research Findings". Newindianexpres. 2020.
- ^ Bardwell L. Smith (1976). Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia. p. 32. ISBN 9789004045101.
- ^ a b c d e f MA Rajeev Kumar (6 April 2022). "Neglected and forgotten: Remains of Mannanar dynasty crumbling". The New Indian Express.
- ^ Manakkadan Manicoth Anand Ram (1999). Influx:Create to Kerala. Keerthi publishing House. p. 7-6.
- ^ cochin Government Press. "Monograph" , (1905). Vol 7, vol 10. Google Books
- ^ University of Kerala.1982 .Vol. 9 of kerala studies (1982) university
- ^ Edgar Thurston. Page.43
- ^ a b c d Edgar Thurston-K.Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. p. 44. ISBN 9788120602885.
- ^ William logan (1851). The Malabar Manual. Archive Org Vil.1. ISBN 9788120604469.
- ^ E.M.S. Namboothiripad. National books Agency, 1967 kerala page 251 Kerala:Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
- ^ Ajay Skaria, M. S. S. Pandian, Shail Mayaram (2005). Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History. Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher. p. 192. ISBN 9788178241159.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shali, Mayaram (2015). Muslim, Dalid and fabrication of History. p. 198. ISBN 9781905422111.
- ^ P.J Rajedran, "Kshethravinjyanakosham" (Malayalam) 2000. Google Books, page. 103
- ^ Champakalakshmi, R. (1990). "The Sovereignty of the Divine". In Murthy, H. V. Sreenivasa (ed.). Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali. Mittal Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-8-17099-211-0.
- ^ F.Fawcett (2001). Nambutiris: Notes on Some of the People of Malabar. p. 76. ISBN 9788120615755.
- ^ a b c d e f g h S.N.Sadasivan (2000). A Social History of India. APH Publishing, Google books. pp. 352–353. ISBN 9788176481700.
In the Malayalam mannan means king and 'ar' pluralises the name for adding respectability to it. Mannanar dynasty had thrived for several centuries in Eruvasi, north east of Thaliparampa in North Kerala. He was called ruler of the five places and he had five palaces Moothedath Aramana, Elayidath Aramana, Puthan Araman, Puthiyidath Aramana and Mundaya Aramana. He also had royal establishments, such as fortress, palace, assembly hall, performance theatre and living mansion. Armed with swords and shields, 200 Nairs Soldiers had to escort him. His assumption to the throne was by the performance of the ritual Aryittuvazhcha (offer of rice to gods as an auspicious item indicating prosperity) as in the case of the Zamorin. His personal residence (living mansion) had adorned the name mannanar kotta or the king's fort.The last of the Mannanars, Kunjikelappan passed away in 1901-1902 AD. His wife respectably called Ammachiyàr (revered mother) and two of his children were alive in the thirties. The Mannanar who followed matriarchal system as a means of his survival, used to dine at the palace of the Chirakkal raja on important occasions when for him food had to be served on tender plantain leaf named pattila (silken leaf) and for other princes on plantain leaf softened over the fire. When the palaces of other rajas in Kerala are called Kovilakams or Kottarams, only Mannanar's is called Aramana, the mansion of the king (aracha (king) + mana (king's court). For these reasons and for many other, Kampil Ananthan believes that he was the oldest ruler of Kerala.After the overlordship of the Nampootiri was established, it was the social responsibility of the Mannanar to give protection to either as his wife or as his sister to the Nampootiri woman ex-communicated from her family for offences like infidelity, loss of chastity and violation of the rules of pollution. His palaces and mansions have broken down due to neglect in the absence of successors. The entire land and other properties of the Mannanar are managed by the Chirakkal raja in the capacity of their trustee. Mannanar was allowed to survive through the darkness and ferocity of caste in the 18th and 19th centuries because his survival was a necessity of the Nampootiri. The socially ostracised Nampootiri women obtained all royal facilities for a cozy living and did not lose their convivial status below that of their protector which in fact was the original status of all, not excluding the Nampootiri, the Kshatriya, the Samanta and the Nair before their conversive.The Mannanar as required by the Brahmins, changed over from patriarchal to matriarchal system and he thus, had fallen in line with other non-Brahmin communities.
- ^ Edgar Thurston .1902 Google Archive caste and tribes of southern india