List of bovids

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (2 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (6 species)
EN	Endangered (19 species)
VU	Vulnerable (24 species)
NT	Near threatened (25 species)
LC	Least concern (59 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (3 species)
NE	Not evaluated (10 species)

Bovidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a bovid. They are widespread throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, and are found in a variety of biomes, most typically forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland. Bovids range in size from the 38 cm (15 in) long royal antelope to the 3.3 m (11 ft) long gaur, which can reach 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight.^[1] Over a billion each of domesticated sheep, cattle, and goats, and over 200 million domesticated water buffalo, 14 million domestic yak, and 300,000 domesticated gayal are used in farming worldwide. Many wild species do not have population estimates, though the impala, springbok, and harnessed bushbuck have population sizes of over one million, while several species of bovid are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 25. One species, the scimitar oryx, was once extinct in the wild, though populations are now recovering. The bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago. A third extinct species, the red gazelle, potentially never existed,^[2] and the kouprey is potentially extinct, with no sightings since 1969.^[3]

Six bovid species (clockwise from top left): addax, cattle, mountain gazelle, impala, blue wildebeest, and mouflon

The 146 extant species of Bovidae are split into 53 genera within 9 subfamilies: Aepycerotinae, or the impala; Alcelaphinae, containing the bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest, and relatives; Antilopinae, containing several antelope, gazelles, and relatives; Bovinae, containing cattle, buffalos, bison, and other antelopes; Caprinae, containing goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives; Cephalophinae, or duikers; Hippotraginae, containing the addax, oryx, and relatives; Nesotraginae, or dwarf antelopes; and Reduncinae, or reedbuck and kob antelopes. Extinct species have also been placed into these subfamilies, as well as the extinct Hypsodontinae, Oiocerinae, and Tethytraginae subfamilies. Over one hundred extinct Bovidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.^[4]

Conventions edit

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bovid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification edit

The family Bovidae consists of 146 extant species belonging to 53 genera in 9 subfamilies and divided into hundreds of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, the bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago.

Subfamily Aepycerotinae
- Genus Aepyceros: one species
Subfamily Alcelaphinae
- Genus Alcelaphus: one species
- Genus Beatragus: one species
- Genus Connochaetes: two species
- Genus Damaliscus: two species
Subfamily Antilopinae
- Genus Ammodorcas: one species
- Genus Antidorcas: one species
- Genus Antilope: one species
- Genus Dorcatragus: one species
- Genus Eudorcas: five species
- Genus Gazella: ten species
- Genus Litocranius: one species
- Genus Madoqua: four species
- Genus Nanger: three species
- Genus Neotragus: three species
- Genus Oreotragus: one species
- Genus Ourebia: one species
- Genus Procapra: three species
- Genus Raphicerus: three species
- Genus Saiga: one species
Subfamily Bovinae
- Genus Bison: two species
- Genus Bos: ten species (one extinct)
- Genus Boselaphus: one species
- Genus Bubalus: five species
- Genus Pseudoryx: one species
- Genus Syncerus: one species
- Genus Taurotragus: two species
- Genus Tetracerus: one species
- Genus Tragelaphus: seven species
Subfamily Caprinae
- Genus Ammotragus: one species
- Genus Arabitragus: one species
- Genus Budorcas: one species
- Genus Capra: nine species
- Genus Capricornis: four species
- Genus Hemitragus: one species
- Genus Naemorhedus: four species
- Genus Nilgiritragus: one species
- Genus Oreamnos: one species
- Genus Ovibos: one species
- Genus Ovis: seven species
- Genus Pantholops: one species
- Genus Pseudois: one species
- Genus Rupicapra: two species
Subfamily Cephalophinae
- Genus Cephalophus: fifteen species
- Genus Philantomba: three species
- Genus Sylvicapra: one species
Subfamily Hippotraginae
- Genus Addax: one species
- Genus Hippotragus: three species (one extinct)
- Genus Oryx: four species
Subfamily Nesotraginae
- - Genus Nesotragus: two species
Subfamily Reduncinae
- Genus Kobus: five species
- Genus Pelea: one species
- Genus Redunca: three species

Bovidae

Bovinae

Boselaphini

	Boselaphus

	Tetracerus

Bovini

	Bison

	Bos

	Bubalus

	Pseudoryx

	Syncerus

Tragelaphini

	Taurotragus

	Tragelaphus

Antilopinae

Antilopini

	Ammodorcas

	Antidorcas

	Antilope

	Eudorcas

	Gazella

	Litocranius

	Nanger

	Procapra

Neotragini

	Dorcatragus

	Madoqua

	Neotragus

	Oreotragus

	Ourebia

	Raphicerus

Nesotraginae

Nesotragus

Cephalophinae

	Cephalophus

	Philantomba

	Sylvicapra

Reduncinae

	Kobus

	Pelea

	Redunca

Aepycerotinae

Aepyceros

Caprinae

	Ammotragus

	Arabitragus

	Capra

	Hemitragus

	Nilgiritragus

	Ovis

	Pseudois

	Capricornis

	Naemorhedus

	Oreamnos

	Rupicapra

	Budorcas

	Ovibos

	Pantholops

Hippotraginae

	Addax

	Hippotragus

	Oryx

Alcelaphinae

	Alcelaphus

	Beatragus

	Connochaetes

	Damaliscus

Bovids edit

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Subfamily Aepycerotinae edit

Genus **Aepyceros** – Sundevall, 1847 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Impala	A. melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) Two subspecies A. m. melampus (Common impala) A. m. petersi (Black-faced Impala)	Southern Africa (Common impala in green)	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[6] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[6]^[7]	LC 2,000,000 ^[6]

Subfamily Alcelaphinae edit

Genus **Alcelaphus** – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hartebeest	A. buselaphus (Pallas, 1766) Eight subspecies A. b. buselaphus (Bubal hartebeest)† A. b. caama (Red hartebeest) A. b. cokii (Coke's hartebeest) A. b. lelwel (Lelwel hartebeest) A. b. lichtensteinii (Lichtenstein's hartebeest) A. b. major (Western hartebeest) A. b. swaynei (Swayne's hartebeest) A. b. tora (Tora hartebeest)	Scattered sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail^[8] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[9] Diet: Grass^[9]	LC Unknown ^[9]

Genus **Beatragus** – Heller, 1912 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hirola	B. hunteri (P. L. Sclater, 1889)	Border between Kenya and Somalia	Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[10] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[11] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs^[10]^[11]	CR 200–250 ^[11]

Genus **Connochaetes** – Lichtenstein, 1812 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black wildebeest	C. gnou (Zimmermann, 1780)	Southern Africa	Size: 212–242 cm (83–95 in) long, plus 31–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[12] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[13] Diet: Grass^[13]	LC 11,200 ^[13]
Blue wildebeest	C. taurinus (Burchell, 1824) Five subspecies C. t. albojubatus (Eastern white-bearded wildebeest) C. t. cooksoni (Cookson's wildebeest) C. t. johnstoni (Nyassaland wildebeest) C. t. mearnsi (Western white-bearded wildebeest) C. t. taurinus (Common wildebeest)	Southern and eastern Africa	Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Savanna and grassland^[14] Diet: Grass^[14]	LC Unknown ^[14]

Genus **Damaliscus** – P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bontebok	D. pygargus (Pallas, 1767) Two subspecies D. p. phillipsi (Blesbok) D. p. pygargus	Southern Africa	Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[15] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[16] Diet: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs^[16]	LC 55,000 ^[16]
Tsessebe	D. lunatus (Burchell, 1823) Six subspecies D. l. jimela (Topi) D. l. korrigum (Korrigum) D. l. lunatus (Common tsessebe) D. l. superstes (Bangweulu tsessebe) D. l. tiang (Tiang) D. l. topi (Coastal topi)	Scattered sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, plus 36–42 cm (14–17 in) tail^[17] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[18] Diet: Grass^[18]	LC Unknown ^[18]

Subfamily Antilopinae edit

Genus **Ammodorcas** – Thomas, 1891 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dibatag	A. clarkei (Thomas, 1891)	Horn of Africa	Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail^[19] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[20] Diet: Leaves and shoots^[19]^[20]	VU 2,800 ^[20]

Genus **Antidorcas** – Sundevall, 1847 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Springbok	A. marsupialis (Zimmermann, 1780) Three subspecies A. m. angolensis A. m. hofmeyri A. m. marsupialis	Southwestern Africa	Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail^[21] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[22] Diet: Shrubs and grass^[22]	LC 1,400,000–1,750,000 ^[22]

Genus **Antilope** – Pallas, 1766 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blackbuck	A. cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies A. c. cervicapra A. c. rajputanae	India (former range in light green)	Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long^[23] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and desert^[24] Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit^[24]	LC 35,000 ^[24]

Genus **Dorcatragus** – Noack, 1894 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Beira	D. megalotis (Menges, 1894)	Horn of Africa	Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[25] Habitat: Shrubland, and rocky areas^[26] Diet: Shrubs^[26]	VU 7,000 ^[26]

Genus **Eudorcas** – Fitzinger, 1869 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Heuglin's gazelle	E. tilonura (Heuglin, 1863)	Northeastern Africa	Size: 55–120 cm (22–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail^[27] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[28] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[27]	EN 1,700–2,500 ^[28]
Mongalla gazelle	E. albonotata (W. Rothschild, 1903)	South Sudan	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail^[29] Habitat: Savanna and grassland^[30] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[29]	LC Unknown ^[30]
Red gazelle†	E. rufina Thomas, 1894	North Africa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown Diet: Unknown	DD 0 ^[2]
Red-fronted gazelle	E. rufifrons (Gray, 1846) Five subspecies E. r. centralis (Eastern Chad red-fronted gazelle) E. r. hasleri (North Nigeria red-fronted gazelle) E. r. kanuri (Kanuri red-fronted gazelle) E. r. laevipes (Nubian red-fronted gazelle) E. r. rufifrons (Senegal red-fronted gazelle)	Sahel zone in central and western Africa	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail^[31] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[32] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[31]	VU Unknown ^[32]
Thomson's gazelle	E. thomsonii (Günther, 1884) Two subspecies E. t. nasalis (Serengeti Thomson's gazelle) E. t. thomsonii (Eastern Thomson's gazelle)	Eastern Africa	Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail^[33] Habitat: Savanna and grassland^[34] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and fruit^[34]	LC 145,000 ^[34]

Genus **Gazella** – Blainville, 1816 – ten species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian gazelle	G. arabica (Lichtenstein, 1827) Two subspecies G. a. arabica G. a. bilkis	Arabian Peninsula	Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail^[35] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[36] Diet: Cyperus sedges^[36]	VU 5,000–7,000 ^[36]
Arabian sand gazelle	G. marica Thomas, 1897	Arabian Peninsula	Size: About 97 cm (38 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail^[37] Habitat: Desert^[38] Diet: Grass and forbs^[37]	VU 1,700–2,200 ^[38]
Chinkara	G. bennettii (Sykes, 1831) Six subspecies G. b. bennettii (Deccan chinkara) G. b. christii (Gujarat chinkara) G. b. fuscifrons (Kennion gazelle) G. b. karamii (Bushehr gazelle) G. b. salinarum (Salt Range gazelle) G. b. shikarii (Jebeer gazelle)	South Asia	Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long^[39] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[40] Diet: Grass, leaves, crops, and fruit^[39]	LC 50,000–70,000 ^[40]
Cuvier's gazelle	G. cuvieri (Ogilby, 1841)	Northwestern Africa	Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[41] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert^[42] Diet: Leaves and grass^[41]	VU 2,300–4,600 ^[42]
Dorcas gazelle	G. dorcas (Linnaeus, 1758) Six subspecies G. d. beccarii (Eritrean dorcas gazelle) G. d. dorcas (Egyptian dorcas gazelle) G. d. isabella (Isabelle dorcas gazelle) G. d. massaesyla (Moroccan dorcas gazelle) G. d. osiris (Saharan dorcas gazelle) G. d. pelzelnii (Pelzeln's gazelle)	Northern Africa	Size: 90–110 cm (35–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[43] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[44] Diet: Acacia tree flowers, leaves, and pods, as well as other fruit and leaves^[45]	VU Unknown ^[44]
Erlanger's gazelle	G. erlangeri Neumann, 1906	Arabian Peninsula	Size: 110–125 cm (43–49 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[46] Habitat: Desert^[46] Diet: Grass^[46]	NE Unknown
Goitered gazelle	G. subgutturosa (Güldenstädt, 1780) Three subspecies G. s. gracilicornis (Turkmen gazelle) G. s. subgutturosa (Persian gazelle) G. s. yarkandensis (Yarkand gazelle)	Western and central Asia	Size: 90–115 cm (35–45 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[47] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[48] Diet: Grass and low plants^[49]	VU 42,000–49,000 ^[48]
Mountain gazelle	G. gazella (Pallas, 1766) Six subspecies G. g. acaciae G. g. cora G. g. darehshourii G. g. farasani G. g. gazella G. g. muscatensis	Mediterranean western Asia	Size: 100–125 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[50] Habitat: Desert and coastal marine^[51] Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs^[52]	EN 2,500 ^[51]
Rhim gazelle	G. leptoceros (F. Cuvier, 1842) Two subspecies G. l. leptoceros G. l. loderi	Scattered northern Africa	Size: 100–110 cm (39–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[53] Habitat: Desert^[54] Diet: Desert vegetation^[54]	EN 300–600 ^[54]
Speke's gazelle	G. spekei Blyth, 1863	Horn of Africa	Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[55] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[56] Diet: Grass and leaves^[55]	EN Unknown ^[56]

Genus **Litocranius** – Kohl, 1886 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Gerenuk	L. walleri (Brooke, 1878) Two subspecies L. w. sclateri (Northern gerenuk) L. w. walleri (Southern gerenuk)	Horn of Africa	Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail^[57] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[58] Diet: Shrubs^[58]	NT Unknown ^[58]

Genus **Madoqua** – (Ogilby, 1837) – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Günther's dik-dik	M. guentheri Thomas, 1894 Two subspecies M. g. guentheri M. g. smithii	Horn of Africa	Size: 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail^[59] Habitat: Shrubland^[60] Diet: Shrubs, leaves, and flowers^[61]	LC Unknown ^[60]
Kirk's dik-dik	M. kirkii (Günther, 1880) Four subspecies M. k. kirkii M. k. cavendishi (Cavendish's dik-dik) M. k. damarensis (Damara dik-dik) M. k. hindei	Southeastern and southwestern Africa	Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[62] Habitat: Shrubland^[63] Diet: Leaves, as well as grass, herbs, and sedge^[63]	LC Unknown ^[63]
Salt's dik-dik	M. saltiana (Desmarest, 1816) Five subspecies M. s. hararensis M. s. lawrancei M. s. phillipsi (Phillip's dik-dik) M. s. saltiana (Salt's sik-dik) M. s. swaynei (Swayne's dik-dik)	Horn of Africa	Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[64] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[65] Diet: Acacia bushes, as well as leaves, buds, flowers, fruit, and herbs^[64]^[65]	LC Unknown ^[65]
Silver dik-dik	M. piacentinii Drake-Brockman, 1911	Horn of Africa	Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail^[66] Habitat: Shrubland^[67] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[66]	DD Unknown ^[67]

Genus **Nanger** – Lataste, 1885 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dama gazelle	N. dama (Pallas, 1766) Three subspecies N. d. dama N. d. mhorr (Mhorr gazelle) N. d. ruficollis (Addra gazelle)	Scattered Saharan Desert and Sahel	Size: 140–168 cm (55–66 in) long^[68] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert^[69] Diet: Shrubs and grass^[69]	CR 100–200 ^[69]
Grant's gazelle	N. granti (Brooke, 1872) Five subspecies N. g. brighti (Bright's gazelle) N. g. granti (Southern Grant's gazelle) N. g. notata (Northern Grant's gazelle) N. g. petersii (Peter's gazelle) N. g. robertsi (Robert's gazelle)	Eastern Africa	Size: 140–166 cm (55–65 in) long, plus 20–28 cm (8–11 in) tail^[70] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[71] Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as grass^[72]^[71]	LC Unknown ^[71]
Soemmerring's gazelle	N. soemmerringii (Cretzschmar, 1828) Three subspecies N. s. berberana (Somali Soemmerring's gazelle) N. s. butteri (Borani Soemmerring's gazelle) N. s. soemmerringii (Sudan Soemmerring's gazelle)	Horn of Africa	Size: 125–150 cm (49–59 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail^[73] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[74] Diet: Leaves, grass, and herbs^[73]	VU 4,000–5,000 ^[74]

Genus **Neotragus** – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Royal antelope	N. pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Western Africa	Size: 38–51 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[75] Habitat: Forest^[76] Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi^[75]	LC Unknown ^[76]

Genus **Oreotragus** – A. Smith, 1834 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Klipspringer	O. oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) Five subspecies O. o. aceratos O. o. oreotragus O. o. saltatrixoides O. o. stevensoni O. o. tyleri	Southern and Eastern Africa	Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long^[77] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert^[78] Diet: Shrubs^[78]	LC Unknown ^[78]

Genus **Ourebia** – Laurillard, 1842 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Oribi	O. ourebi (Zimmermann, 1782) Eight subspecies O. o. dorcas O. o. gallarum O. o. haggardi O. o. hastata O. o. montana O. o. ourebi O. o. quadriscopa O. o. rutila	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long^[79] Habitat: Savanna and grassland^[80] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[79]	LC Unknown ^[80]

Genus **Procapra** – Hodgson, 1846 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Goa	P. picticaudata Hodgson, 1846	Western China	Size: 91–105 cm (36–41 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands^[82] Diet: Forbs and legumes, as well as grass and sedges^[81]	NT 100,000 ^[82]
Mongolian gazelle	P. gutturosa (Pallas, 1777)	Mongolia and nearby central Asia (historical range in light green)	Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long^[83] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[84] Diet: Grass, onions, and shrubs^[83]	LC 500,000–1,500,000 ^[84]
Przewalski's gazelle	P. przewalskii (Büchner, 1891) Two subspecies P. p. diversicornis P. p. przewalskii†	Central China	Size: 105–110 cm (41–43 in) long, plus up to 11 cm (4 in) tail^[85] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[86] Diet: Shrubs and grass^[85]	EN 1,300–1,700 ^[86]

Genus **Raphicerus** – H. Smith, 1827 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Cape grysbok	R. melanotis (Thunberg, 1811)	Southern Africa	Size: 65–80 cm (26–31 in) long, plus up to 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[88] Diet: Shrubs and grass^[88]	LC Unknown ^[88]
Sharpe's grysbok	R. sharpei Thomas, 1897	Southeastern Africa	Size: 65–75 cm (26–30 in) long, plus 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[89] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[90] Diet: Shrubs and grass^[90]	LC Unknown ^[90]
Steenbok	R. campestris (Thunberg, 1811) Four subspecies R. c. campestris R. c. capricornis R. c. kelleni R. c. neumanni	Southern and southeastern Africa	Size: 70–95 cm (28–37 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail^[91] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[92] Diet: Shrubs, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit^[92]	LC Unknown ^[92]

Genus **Saiga** – Gray, 1843 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Saiga antelope	S. tatarica (Linnaeus, 1766) Two subspecies S. t. mongolica (Mongolian saiga) S. t. tatarica (Russian saiga)	Central Asia (historical range in white)	Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail^[93] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[94] Diet: Grass^[94]	NT 922,600–988,500 ^[94]

Subfamily Bovinae edit

Genus **Bison** – H. Smith, 1827 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
American bison	B. bison Linnaeus, 1758	Scattered North America	Size: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert^[95] Diet: Grass, leaves, and roots, as well as sagebrush^[5]^[95]	NT 11,200–13,200^[a] ^[95]
European bison	B. bonasus Linnaeus, 1758 Three subspecies B. b. bonasus B. b. caucasicus (Caucasian wisent)† B. b. hungarorum (Carpathian wisent)†	Scattered Europe and western Asia	Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long, plus 30–92 cm (12–36 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and unknown^[98] Diet: Grass, sedges and herbs, as well as trees and shrubs^[99]	NT 2,500 ^[98]

Genus **Bos** – Linnaeus, 1758 – ten species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Aurochs†	B. primigenius Bojanus, 1827	Formerly Europe, Asia, and North Africa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown Diet: Grass^[100]	EX 0
Banteng	B. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 Two subspecies B. j. javanicus (Javan banteng) B. j. lowi (Bornean banteng)	Southeast Asia (possible range in red)	Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail^[101] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[102] Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees^[102]	EN 4,000–8,000 ^[102]
Bali cattle	B. domesticus Wilckens, 1905	Southeast Asia	Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail^[101] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[102] Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees^[102]	NE Unknown
Cattle	B. taurus Linnaeus, 1758	Worldwide	Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long^[103] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert^[100] Diet: Grass^[100]	NE Unknown (about 1.4 billion used in farming)^[104]
Gaur	B. gaurus Smith, 1827 Two subspecies B. g. gaurus B. g. readei	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–100 cm (28–39 in) tail^[1] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland^[105] Diet: Grass as well as leaves, fruit, twigs, bark, and bamboo^[105]	VU 6,000–21,000 ^[105]
Gayal	B. frontalis Lambert, 1804 Four subspecies B. f. frontalis B. f. laosiensis B. f. sinhaleyus	South Asia	Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–105 cm (28–41 in) tail^[106] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[106] Diet: Grass, forbs, and leaves^[106]	NE 1,000^[106] (about 300,000 used in farming)^[107]
Kouprey	B. sauveli Urbain, 1937	Southeast Asia	Size: 210–223 cm (83–88 in) long, plus up to 100 cm (39 in) tail^[108] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland^[3] Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs^[3]	CR 0–50 ^[3]
Wild yak	B. mutus (Przhevalsky, 1883)	Central Asia	Size: 306–385 cm (120–152 in) long, plus up to 60 cm (24 in) tail^[109] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[110] Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as forbs^[110]	VU 7,500–10,000 ^[110]
Yak	B. grunniens Linnaeus, 1766	Central Asia	Size: 145–218 cm (57–86 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail^[111] Habitat: Rocky areas and grassland^[112] Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs, as well as lichen and moss^[112]	NE 14 million (in farming)^[113]
Zebu	B. indicus Linnaeus, 1758	Asia	Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long^[103] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert^[100] Diet: Grass^[100]	NE Unknown

Genus **Boselaphus** – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgai	B. tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766)	Indian subcontinent	Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long^[114] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[115] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[115]	LC 70,000–100,000 ^[115]

Genus **Bubalus** – H. Smith, 1827 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Lowland anoa	B. depressicornis (H. Smith, 1827)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 122–188 cm (48–74 in) long, plus up to 41 cm (16 in) tail^[116] Habitat: Forest^[117] Diet: Shrubs^[117]	EN 2,500 ^[117]
Mountain anoa	B. quarlesi (Ouwens, 1910)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 122–153 cm (48–60 in) long^[118] Habitat: Forest^[119] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[119]	EN 0–2,500 ^[119]
Tamaraw	B. mindorensis Heude, 1888	Island of Mindoro in the Philippines	Size: Around 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail^[120] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[121] Diet: Grass and young bamboo shoots^[121]	CR 200–300 ^[121]
Water buffalo	B. bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Three subspecies B. b. bubalis B. b. kerabau B. b. theerapati	Scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America	Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[122] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs, shrubs, and leaves^[122]	NE 202 million (on farms)^[123]
Wild water buffalo	B. arnee (Kerr, 1792) Four subspecies B. a. arnee B. a. fulvus B. a. migona B. a. septentrionalis	Scattered Southeast Asia	Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus up to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail^[124] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands^[125] Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as fruit and shrubs^[124]	EN 2,500 ^[125]

Genus **Pseudoryx** – Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Saola	P. nghetinhensis Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993	Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos	Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail^[126] Habitat: Forest^[127] Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs^[127]	CR 25-750 ^[127]

Genus **Syncerus** – Hodgson, 1847 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
African buffalo	S. caffer (Sparrman, 1779) Five subspecies S. c. aequinoctialis (Nile buffalo) S. c. brachyceros (Sudan buffalo) S. c. caffer (Cape buffalo) S. c. matthewsi (Mountain buffalo) S. c. nanus (African forest buffalo)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[128] Diet: Grass^[5]	NT 398,000–401,000 ^[128]

Genus **Taurotragus** – Wagner, 1855 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Common eland	T. oryx (Pallas, 1766) Three subspecies T. o. livingstonei (Livingstone's eland) T. o. oryx (Cape eland) T. o. pattersonianus (East African eland)	Eastern and southern Africa	Size: 200–345 cm (79–136 in) long, plus 50–72 cm (20–28 in) tail^[129] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[130] Diet: Shrubs^[130]	LC 90,000–110,000 ^[130]
Giant eland	T. derbianus (Gray, 1847) Two subspecies T. d. derbianus T. d. gigas	Western and central Africa	Size: 210–345 cm (83–136 in) long, plus 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tail^[131]^[132] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[133] Diet: Leaves, shoots, herbs and fruit, as well as grass^[133]	VU 8,400–9,800 ^[133]

Genus **Tetracerus** – Leach, 1825 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Four-horned antelope	T. quadricornis (Blainville, 1816) Three subspecies T. q. iodes T. q. quadricornis T. q. subquadricornutus	Indian subcontinent	Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[134] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[135] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[135]	VU 7,000–10,000 ^[135]

Genus **Tragelaphus** – (Blainville, 1816) – seven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bongo	T. eurycerus (Ogilby, 1837)	Western and central Africa	Size: 170–250 cm (67–98 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail^[136] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[137] Diet: Shrubs as well as grass^[137]	NT 15,000–25,000 ^[137]
Greater kudu	T. strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766) Three subspecies T. s. chora T. s. cottoni T. s. strepsiceros	Central, eastern, and southern Africa	Size: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long^[5] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and desert^[138] Diet: Shrubs^[138]	LC 300,000–350,000 ^[138]
Harnessed bushbuck	T. scriptus (Pallas, 1766) Eight subspecies T. s. bor T. s. decula T. s. fasciatus T. s. knutsoni T. s. meneliki T. s. ornatus T. s. scriptus T. s. sylvaticus	Western and central Africa	Size: 105–150 cm (41–59 in) long, plus 19–25 cm (7–10 in) tail^[139] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[140] Diet: Shrubs^[140]	LC 1,000,000–1,500,000 ^[140]
Lesser kudu	T. imberbis (Blyth, 1869)	Eastern Africa	Size: 110–175 cm (43–69 in) long, plus 26–30 cm (10–12 in) tail^[141] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[142] Diet: Tree leaves, shrubs, and herbs^[142]	NT 80,000–100,000 ^[142]
Mountain nyala	T. buxtoni (Lydekker, 1910)	Central Ethiopia	Size: 190–260 cm (75–102 in) long^[143] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[144] Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs^[143]	EN 1,500–2,500 ^[144]
Nyala	T. angasii Angas, 1849	Southeastern Africa	Size: 132–198 cm (52–78 in) long, plus 35–55 cm (14–22 in) tail^[145] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[146] Diet: Leaves and fruit as well as grass^[146]	LC 20,000–27,500 ^[146]
Sitatunga	T. spekii P. L. Sclater, 1863 Five subspecies T. s. gratus T. s. larkenii T. s. selousi T. s. spekii T. s. sylvestris	Central Africa	Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long, plus 18–30 cm (7–12 in) tail^[147] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[148] Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs^[148]	LC 90,000–120,000 ^[148]

Subfamily Caprinae edit

Genus **Ammotragus** – (Blyth, 1840) – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Barbary sheep	A. lervia (Pallas, 1777) Six subspecies A. l. angusi A. l. blainei A. l. fassini A. l. lervia A. l. ornatus (Egyptian Barbary sheep) A. l. sahariensis	Northern Africa	Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail^[149] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[150] Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs^[150]	VU 5,000–10,000 ^[150]

Genus **Arabitragus** – Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian tahr	A. jayakari Thomas, 1894	Eastern Arabia	Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[151] Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert^[152] Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees^[152]	EN 2,200–2,300 ^[152]

Genus **Budorcas** – Hodgson, 1850 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Takin	B. taxicolor Hodgson, 1850 Four subspecies B. t. bedfordi (Golden takin) B. t. taxicolor (Mishmi takin) B. t. tibetana (Sichuan takin) B. t. whitei (Bhutan takin)	Eastern Himalayas	Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail^[153] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[154] Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves^[154]	VU Unknown ^[154]

Genus **Capra** – Linnaeus, 1758 – nine species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alpine ibex	C. ibex Linnaeus, 1758	The Alps	Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[155] Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas^[156] Diet: Grass and herbs, as well as woody plants and cryptogams^[156]	LC 53,000 ^[156]
East Caucasian tur	C. cylindricornis (Blyth, 1841)	Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe	Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[157] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[158] Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants^[158]	NT 23,000 ^[158]
Iberian ibex	C. pyrenaica Schinz, 1838	Iberian Peninsula	Size: 100–140 cm (39–55 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[159] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[160] Diet: Leaves, acorns, forbs, and grass^[159]	LC 50,000 ^[160]
Markhor	C. falconeri (Wagner, 1839) Three subspecies C. f. falconeri (Astor markhor) C. f. heptneri (Bukharan markhor) C. f. megaceros (Kabul markhor)	Central Asia	Size: 140–185 cm (55–73 in) long, plus 8–14 cm (3–6 in) tail^[161] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[162] Diet: Grass and leaves^[162]	NT 5,800 ^[162]
Nubian ibex	C. nubiana F. Cuvier, 1825	Northern Africa and the Middle East	Size: 105–125 cm (41–49 in) long^[163] Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert^[164] Diet: Wide variety of herbaceous and woody plants^[164]	VU 4,500 ^[164]
Siberian ibex	C. sibirica (Pallas, 1776)	Central Asia	Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 10–18 cm (4–7 in) tail^[165] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[166] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs^[166]	NT 102,000–150,000 ^[166]
Walia ibex	C. walie Rüppell, 1835	Northeastern Africa	Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail^[167] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[168] Diet: Shrubs, herbs, lichens, and grass^[169]	VU 600 ^[168]
West Caucasian tur	C. caucasica Güldenstädt, Pallas, 1783 Two subspecies C. c. caucasica C. c. severtzovi	Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe	Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[170] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[171] Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants^[171]	EN 3,000–4,000 ^[171]
Wild goat	C. aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 Five subspecies C. a. aegagrus (Bezoar ibex) C. a. blythi (Sindh ibex) C. a. chialtanensis (Chiltan ibex) C. a. turcmenica (Turkmen wild goat) C. a. hircus (Goat)	Western Asia (worldwide distribution of domestic goat in farming)	Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long^[172] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[173] Diet: Grass, herbaceous plants, and shrubs, as well as trees^[173]	NT 70,000 (about 1 billion used in farming) ^[173]

Genus **Capricornis** – Ogilby, 1836 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese serow	C. crispus (Temminck, 1836)	Japan	Size: Around 130 cm (51 in) long^[174] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[175] Diet: Leaves, shoots, and acorns^[175]	LC Unknown ^[175]
Mainland serow	C. sumatraensis (Bechstein, 1799) Three subspecies C. s. maritimus (Indochinese serow) C. s. sumatraensis (Sumatran serow) C. s. thar (Himalayan serow)	The Himalayas and southeastern Asia	Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail^[176] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[177] Diet: Leaves and twigs^[177]	VU Unknown ^[177]
Red serow	C. rubidus (Blyth, 1863)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long^[178] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[179] Diet: Grass, shoots, and leaves^[178]	NT Unknown ^[179]
Taiwan serow	C. swinhoei Gray, 1862	Taiwan	Size: 80–114 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[180] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[181] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[181]	LC Unknown ^[181]

Genus **Hemitragus** – (Hodgson, 1841) – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Himalayan tahr	H. jemlahicus (H. Smith, 1826)	Himalayas	Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long^[182] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[183] Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges^[183]	NT Unknown ^[183]

Genus **Naemorhedus** – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chinese goral	N. griseus (Milne-Edwards, 1874) Two subspecies N. g. evansi N. g. griseus	Southeastern Asia 178px\|alt=Map of range	Size: 88–118 cm (35–46 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[184] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[185] Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, and nuts^[185]	NE Unknown ^[185]
Himalayan goral	N. goral (Hardwicke, 1825) Two subspecies N. g. bedfordi N. g. goral	Himalayas	Size: 81–130 cm (32–51 in) long^[186] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[187] Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, fruit, and nuts^[187]	NT Unknown ^[187]
Long-tailed goral	N. caudatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867)	Eastern Asia	Size: 81–129 cm (32–51 in) long^[188] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[189] Diet: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, as well as fruit^[189]	VU 2,500–10,000 ^[189]
Red goral	N. baileyi Pocock, 1914	Eastern Asia	Size: 93–103 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[190] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[191] Diet: Lichens, as well as grass, shoots, leaves, and twigs^[191]	VU 7,000–10,000 ^[191]

Genus **Nilgiritragus** – Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgiri tahr	N. hylocrius (Ogilby, 1838)	Southern India	Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[192] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[193] Diet: Grass and forbs^[193]	EN 1,800–2,000 ^[193]

Genus **Oreamnos** – Rafinesque, 1817 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mountain goat	O. americanus (Blainville, 1816)	Western North America	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[194] Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves^[194]	LC 48,000–62,000 ^[194]

Genus **Ovibos** – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Muskox	O. moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780)	The Arctic (reintroduced in blue)	Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[5] Habitat: Grassland^[195] Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs^[195]	LC 133,900–136,900 ^[195]

Genus **Ovis** – Linnaeus, 1758 – seven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Argali	O. ammon Linnaeus, 1758 Nine subspecies O. a. ammon (Altai argali) O. a. collium (Karaganda argali) O. a. darwini (Gobi argali) O. a. hodgsonii (Tibetan argali) O. a. jubata (North China argali) O. a. karelini (Tian Shan argali) O. a. nigrimontana (Kara Tau argali) O. a. polii (Marco Polo sheep) O. a. severtzovi (Severtzov argali)	Central and eastern Asia	Size: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long^[196] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[197] Diet: Grass, sedges, and some herbs and lichens^[197]	NT Unknown ^[197]
Bighorn sheep	O. canadensis Shaw, 1804 Three subspecies O. c. canadensis (Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep) O. c. nelsoni (Desert bighorn sheep) O. c. sierrae (Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep)	Western North America	Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long^[198] Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas^[199] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and shrubs^[199]	LC 49,000 ^[199]
Dall sheep	O. dalli Nelson, 1884 Two subspecies O. d. dalli O. d. stonei (Stone sheep)	Northwestern North America	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[200] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[201] Diet: Grass and sedges^[201]	LC 66,600 ^[201]
Mouflon	O. gmelini Blyth, 1841 Four subspecies O. g. gmelini (Armenian mouflon) O. g. isphahanica (Esfahan mouflon) O. g. laristanica (Laristan mouflon) O. g. ophion (Cyprus mouflon)	Western Asia	Size: 105–140 cm (41–55 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail^[202] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[203] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[202]	NT 26,500 ^[203]
Sheep	O. aries Linnaeus, 1758	Domesticated worldwide	Size: 120–180 cm (47–71 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail^[204] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, desert, forest, and rocky areas^[204] Diet: Grass, as well as a wide variety of vegetation^[204]	NE Unknown (about 1.2 billion used in farming)^[205]
Snow sheep	O. nivicola Eschscholtz, 1829 Six subspecies O. n. alleni (Okhotsk sheep) O. n. borealis (Putorana snow sheep) O. n. koriakorum (Koryak snow sheep) O. n. nivicola (Kamchatkan snow sheep) O. n. tschuktschorum (Chukotsk sheep) O. n. zydekkeri (Yakutian sheep)	Eastern Russia	Size: 126–188 cm (50–74 in) long^[206] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[207] Diet: Grass, as well as lichens, mosses, and willow sprouts^[207]	LC Unknown ^[207]
Urial	O. vignei Blyth, 1841	Central and southern Asia	Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail^[208] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[209] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[208]	VU 18,000 ^[209]

Genus **Pantholops** – Hodgson, 1834 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Tibetan antelope	P. hodgsonii (Abel, 1826)	Tibetan Plateau	Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long^[210] Habitat: Grassland^[211] Diet: Grass and herbs^[210]	NT 100,000–150,000 ^[211]

Genus **Pseudois** – Hodgson, 1846 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bharal	P. nayaur (Hodgson, 1833)	Himalayas	Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long^[212] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[213] Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens^[213]	LC 47,000–414,000 ^[213]

Genus **Rupicapra** – Blainville, 1816 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chamois	R. rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) Seven subspecies R. r. asiatica (Anatolian chamois) R. r. balcanica (Balkan chamois) R. r. carpatica (Carpathian chamois) R. r. cartusiana (Chartreuse chamois) R. r. caucasica (Caucasian chamois) R. r. rupicapra (Alpine chamois) R. r. tatrica (Tatra chamois)	Europe and western Asia (former range in gray)	Size: 110–135 cm (43–53 in) long^[214] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[215] Diet: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, buds, shoots, and fungi^[215]	LC 300,000 ^[215]
Pyrenean chamois	R. pyrenaica Bonaparte, 1845 Three subspecies R. p. ornata R. p. parva (Cantabrian chamois) R. p. pyrenaica	Southern Europe	Size: 90–130 cm (35–51 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail^[216] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[217] Diet: Herbs and flowers, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots^[216]	LC 50,000 ^[217]

Subfamily Cephalophinae edit

Genus **Cephalophus** – H. Smith, 1827 – sixteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Abbott's duiker	C. spadix True, 1890	Tanzania	Size: 97–140 cm (38–55 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[218] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[219] Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers and moss^[218]	EN 1,500 ^[219]
Aders's duiker	C. adersi (Thomas, 1918)	Eastern Africa	Size: 66–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[220] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[221] Diet: Leaves, seeds, sprouts, buds, and fruit^[221]	VU 14,000 ^[221]
Bay duiker	C. dorsalis Gray, 1846 Two subspecies C. d. castaneus (Eastern bay duiker) C. d. dorsalis (Western bay duiker)	Western and southern Africa	Size: 70–100 cm (28–39 in) long^[222] Habitat: Forest^[223] Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as birds^[222]	NT Unknown ^[223]
Black duiker	C. niger (Gray, 1846)	Western Africa	Size: 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long, plus 12–14 cm (5–6 in) tail^[224] Habitat: Forest^[225] Diet: Flowers, leaves, shrubs, grass, fruit, insects, and eggs^[225]	LC Unknown ^[225]
Black-fronted duiker	C. nigrifrons (Gray, 1871) Six subspecies C. n. fosteri C. n. hooki C. n. hypoxanthus C. n. kivuensis C. n. nigrifrons C. n. rubidus (Ruwenzori duiker)	Central Africa	Size: 80–170 cm (31–67 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail^[226] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[227] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[228]	LC Unknown ^[227]
Brooke's duiker	C. brookei (Thomas, 1903)	Western Africa	Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail^[229] Habitat: Forest^[229] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[229]	NE Unknown
Jentink's duiker	C. jentinki Thomas, 1892	Western Africa	Size: 130–150 cm (51–59 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[230] Habitat: Forest^[231] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and tree stems^[231]	EN 2,000 ^[231]
Ogilby's duiker	C. ogilbyi (Waterhouse, 1838)	Western Africa	Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[232] Habitat: Forest^[233] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[232]	LC Unknown ^[233]
Peters's duiker	C. callipygus (Peters, 1876)	Western central Africa	Size: 94–109 cm (37–43 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail^[234] Habitat: Forest^[235] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[234]	LC Unknown ^[235]
Red forest duiker	C. natalensis (Smith, 1834) Two subspecies C. n. harveyi C. n. natalensis	Southeastern Africa	Size: 75–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[237] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[236]	LC Unknown ^[237]
Red-flanked duiker	C. rufilatus (Gray, 1846)	Western and central Africa	Size: 60–80 cm (24–31 in) long^[238] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[239] Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers and twigs^[238]	LC Unknown ^[239]
Weyns's duiker	C. weynsi (Thomas, 1901) Three subspecies C. w. johnstoni C. w. lestradei C. w. weynsi	Central Africa	Size: 80–115 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail^[240] Habitat: Forest^[241] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[240]	LC Unknown ^[241]
White-bellied duiker	C. leucogaster (Gray, 1873) Two subspecies C. l. arrhenii C. l. leucogaster	Central Africa	Size: 78–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail^[242] Habitat: Forest^[243] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers^[242]	NT Unknown ^[243]
White-legged duiker	C. crusalbum Grubb, 1978	Western Africa	Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[232] Habitat: Forest^[244] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[232]	NT 13,000 ^[244]
Yellow-backed duiker	C. silvicultor (Afzelius, 1815) Four subspecies C. s. curticeps C. s. longiceps C. s. ruficrista C. s. silvicultor	Central and western Africa	Size: 115–145 cm (45–57 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail^[245] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[246] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, seeds, buds, bark, and shoots^[245]	NT Unknown ^[246]
Zebra duiker	C. zebra (Gray, 1838)	Western Africa	Size: 70–90 cm (28–35 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[247] Habitat: Forest^[248] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[247]	VU 9,500 ^[248]

Genus **Philantomba** – Blyth, 1840 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blue duiker	P. monticola (Thunberg, 1789) Twelve subspecies P. m. aequatorialis P. m. anchietae P. m. bicolor P. m. congicus P. m. defriesi P. m. hecki P. m. lugens P. m. melanorheus P. m. monticola P. m. musculoides P. m. simpsoni P. m. sundevalli	Central and southern Africa	Size: 55–72 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[250] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi^[249]	LC Unknown ^[250]
Maxwell's duiker	P. maxwellii (H. Smith, 1827) Two subspecies P. m. danei P. m. maxwellii	Western Africa	Size: 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long^[251] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[252] Diet: Leaves and fruit^[252]	LC Unknown ^[252]
Walter's duiker	P. walteri Colyn, Huselman, Sonet, Oudé, Winters, Natta, Nagy, Verheyen, 2010	Western Africa	Size: Similar to Maxwell's duiker^[251] Habitat: Shrubland^[253] Diet: Leaves and fruit^[251]	DD Unknown ^[253]

Genus **Sylvicapra** – Ogilby, 1837 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Common duiker	S. grimmia (Linnaeus, 1758) Thirteen subspecies S. g. altivallis S. g. caffra S. g. campbelliae S. g. coronata S. g. grimmia S. g. hindei S. g. lobeliarum S. g. madoqua S. g. nyansae S. g. orbicularis S. g. pallidior S. g. splendidula S. g. steinhardti	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[254] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[255] Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops^[255]	LC Unknown ^[255]

Subfamily Hippotraginae edit

Genus **Addax** – Laurillard, 1841 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Addax	A. nasomaculatus (Blainville, 1816)	Scattered western Africa	Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail^[256] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and desert^[257] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[256]	CR 30–90 ^[257]

Genus **Hippotragus** – Sundevall, 1846 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bluebuck†	H. leucophaeus (Pallas, 1766)	Southern tip of Africa (former range)	Size: 230–300 cm (91–118 in) long^[258] Habitat: Grassland^[259] Diet: Grass^[258]	EX 0 ^[259]
Roan antelope	H. equinus (Desmarest, 1804) Six subspecies H. e. bakeri H. e. cottoni H. e. equinus H. e. koba H. e. langheldi H. e. scharicus	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 190–240 cm (75–94 in) long, plus 37–48 cm (15–19 in) tail^[260] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[261] Diet: Grass^[260]	LC 50,000–60,000 ^[261]
Sable antelope	H. niger (Harris, 1838) Four subspecies H. n. kirkii (Zambian sable antelope) H. n. niger (Southern sable antelope) H. n. roosevelti (Eastern sable antelope) H. n. variani (Giant sable antelope)	Southeastern Africa	Size: 190–255 cm (75–100 in) long, plus 40–75 cm (16–30 in) tail^[262] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[263] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves^[263]	LC 50,000–60,000 ^[263]

Genus **Oryx** – Blainville, 1816 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian oryx	O. leucoryx (Pallas, 1777)	Arabian Peninsula	Size: 153–235 cm (60–93 in) long, plus 45–90 cm (18–35 in) tail^[264] Habitat: Desert^[265] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[265]	VU 850 ^[265]
East African oryx	O. beisa (Rüppell, 1835) Two subspecies O. b. beisa (Common beisa oryx) O. b. callotis (Fringe-eared oryx)	Eastern Africa	Size: 153–170 cm (60–67 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail^[266] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[267] Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers^[267]	EN 11,000–13,000 ^[267]
Gemsbok	O. gazella (Linnaeus, 1758)	Southern Africa	Size: 180–195 cm (71–77 in) long^[268] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[269] Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers^[269]	LC Unknown ^[269]
Scimitar oryx	O. dammah (Cretzschmar, 1827)	Reservation in Chad	Size: 190–220 cm (75–87 in) long, plus 45–60 cm (18–24 in) tail^[270] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert^[271] Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables^[272]	EN 150 ^[271]

Subfamily Nesotraginae edit

Genus **Nesotragus** – von Düben, 1846 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bates's pygmy antelope	N. batesi (Winton, 1903)	Central Africa	Size: 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2–2 in) tail^[273] Habitat: Forest^[274] Diet: Leaves^[274]	LC Unknown ^[274]
Suni	N. moschatus von Dueben, 1846 Four subspecies N. m. kirchenpaueri N. m. livingstonianus N. m. moschatus N. m. zuluensis	Eastern Africa	Size: 57–62 cm (22–24 in) long^[275] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[276] Diet: Leaves^[275]	LC Unknown ^[276]

Subfamily Reduncinae edit

Genus **Kobus** – Smith, 1840 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Kob	K. kob (Erxleben, 1777) Three subspecies K. k. kob (Buffon's kob) K. k. leucotis (White-eared kob) K. k. thomasi (Ugandan kob)	Central and western Africa	Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[277] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[278] Diet: Grass^[278]	LC 500,000–1,000,000 ^[278]
Lechwe	K. leche Gray, 1850 Four subspecies K. l. kafuensis (Kafue lechwe) K. l. leche (Red lechwe)† K. l. robertsi (Roberts' lechwe) K. l. smithemani (Black lechwe)	Scattered southern Africa	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[279] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands^[280] Diet: Floodplain and aquatic grass^[280]	NT Unknown ^[280]
Nile lechwe	K. megaceros (Fitzinger, 1855)	South Sudan and Ethiopia	Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail^[281] Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands^[282] Diet: Grass and water plants^[283]	EN Unknown ^[282]
Puku	K. vardonii (Livingstone, 1857) Two subspecies K. v. senganus K. v. vardonii	Scattered south-central Africa	Size: 126–142 cm (50–56 in) long^[284] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands^[285] Diet: Grass^[284]	NT Unknown ^[285]
Waterbuck	K. ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby, 1833) Thirteen subspecies K. e. adolfifriderici K. e. annectens K. e. crawshayi (Crawshay defassa waterbuck) K. e. defassa K. e. ellipsiprymnus K. e. harnieri K. e. kondensis K. e. pallidus K. e. penricei (Angolan defassa waterbuck) K. e. thikae K. e. tjaederi K. e. tschadensis K. e. unctuosus	Sub-Saharan Africa (ellipsiprymnus, kondensis, pallidus, and thikae in yellow)	Size: 177–235 cm (70–93 in) long^[286] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[287] Diet: Grass and shrubs^[287]	LC Unknown ^[287]

Genus **Pelea** – Gray, 1851 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Grey rhebok	P. capreolus (Forster, 1790)	Southern Africa	Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long^[288] Habitat: Savanna and grassland^[289] Diet: Shrubs and forbs^[289]	NT Unknown ^[289]

Genus **Redunca** – H. Smith, 1827 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bohor reedbuck	R. redunca (Pallas, 1767) Seven subspecies R. r. bohor (Abyssinian bohor reedbuck) R. r. cottoni R. r. nigeriensis R. r. redunca R. r. wardi	Central Africa	Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long^[290] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[291] Diet: Grass^[291]	LC Unknown ^[291]
Mountain reedbuck	R. fulvorufula (Afzelius, 1815) Three subspecies R. f. adamauae (Adamawa mountain reedbuck) R. f. chanleri (Chanler's mountain reedbuck) R. f. fulvorufula (Southern mountain reedbuck)	Separated central, eastern, and southern Africa	Size: 100–124 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 13–20 cm (5–8 in) tail^[292] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[293] Diet: Grass^[293]	EN Unknown ^[293]
Southern reedbuck	R. arundinum (Boddaert, 1785)	Southern Africa	Size: 134–167 cm (53–66 in) long^[294] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[295] Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs^[295]	LC Unknown ^[295]

Notes edit

^ American bison population does not include around 500,000 on farms, which are almost universally bison-cattle hybrids.^[96]

References edit

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^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas rufina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T8974A12944313. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T8974A12944313.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Timmins, R. J.; Burton, J.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Bos sauveli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2890A46363360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2890A46363360.en.
^ "Fossilworks: Bovidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Harris, pp. 122–131
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^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Sproull, Karen (2000). "Aepyceros melampus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
^ Batty, Kristin (2002). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en.
^ ^a ^b Olney, Hannah (2002). "Beatragus hunteri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T6234A50185297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6234A50185297.en.
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^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Connochaetes taurinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5229A163322525. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T5229A163322525.en.
^ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Damaliscus pygargus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dalton, D.; Birss, C.; Cowell, C.; Gaylard, A.; Kotze, A.; Parrini, F.; Peinke, D.; Radloff, F.; Viljoen, P. (2019). "Damaliscus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T30208A50197331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T30208A50197331.en.
^ Kingdon 2013, ch. Topi, Tiang, Tsessebe
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Damaliscus lunatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6235A50185422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6235A50185422.en.
^ ^a ^b Derrig, Jim Bob (2003). "Ammodorcas clarkei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Heckel, J.; Wilhelmi, F.; Kaariye, X.; Amir, O. (2016). "Ammodorcas clarkei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1141A50181613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T1141A50181613.en.
^ Kingdon 2013, ch. Springbok
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T1676A50181753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1676A50181753.en.
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^ Kingdon 2020, ch. Beira
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Dorcatragus megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6793A50185898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6793A50185898.en.
^ ^a ^b Castelló, p. 112
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas tilonura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8991A50188182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8991A50188182.en.
^ ^a ^b Castelló, p. 108
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Eudorcas albonotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8992A50188208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8992A50188208.en.
^ ^a ^b Kingdon 2020, ch. Red-fronted gazelle
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8973A50187042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8973A50187042.en.
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^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8982A172360006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A172360006.en.
^ Castelló, p. 132
^ ^a ^b ^c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella arabica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T117582065A88018124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T117582065A88018124.en.
^ ^a ^b Castelló, p. 156
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella marica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8977A50187738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8977A50187738.en.
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^ ^a ^b Kingdon 2020, ch. Cuvier's gazelle
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^ ^a ^b Kingdon 2013, ch. Speke's gazelle
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella spekei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8975A50187314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8975A50187314.en.
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^ Kingdon 2020, ch. Günther's dik-dik
^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12669A50190613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12669A50190613.en.
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[IUCNHeuglinsgazelle-28] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas tilonura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8991A50188182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8991A50188182.en.

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[GAM2020Red-frontedgazelle-31] Kingdon 2020, ch. Red-fronted gazelle

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[ADWChinkara-39] McCart, Dylan (2012). "Gazella bennettii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.

[IUCNChinkara-40] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella bennettii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8978A50187762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8978A50187762.en.

[GAM2020Cuviersgazelle-41] Kingdon 2020, ch. Cuvier's gazelle

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[GAM2020Dorcasgazelle-43] Kingdon 2020, ch. Dorcas gazelle

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[BOW150-47] Castelló, p. 150

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[IUCNRhimgazelle-54] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella leptoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8972A50186909. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8972A50186909.en.

[GAMSpekesgazelle-55] Kingdon 2013, ch. Speke's gazelle

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[GAM2020Günthersdik-dik-59] Kingdon 2020, ch. Günther's dik-dik

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[IUCNSilverdik-dik-67] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua piacentinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12667A50190430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12667A50190430.en.

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[GAMGrantsgazelle-70] Kingdon 2013, ch. Grant's gazelle

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[GAMSoemmerringsgazelle-73] Kingdon 2013, ch. Soemmerring's gazelle

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[GAM2020Royalantelope-75] Kingdon 2020, ch. Royal antelope

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[GAM2020Capegrysbok-87] Kingdon 2020, ch. Cape grysbok

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[GAMNyala-146] Kingdon 2013, ch. Nyala

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[GAMSitatunga-148] Kingdon 2013, ch. Sitatunga

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[GAM2020Waliaibex-168] Kingdon 2020, ch. Walia ibex

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[GAM2020Black-frontedduiker-229] Kingdon 2020, ch. Black-fronted duiker

[BOW269-230] Castelló, p. 269

[GAMJentinksduiker-231] Kingdon 2013, ch. Jentink's duiker

[IUCNJentinksduiker-232] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus jentinki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4140A50182687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4140A50182687.en.

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[IUCNPeterssduiker-236] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus callipygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4138A50182358. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4138A50182358.en.

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[IUCNWhite-belliedduiker-244] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4141A50182823. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4141A50182823.en.

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[GAM2020Kob-278] Kingdon 2020, ch. Kob

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[GAM2020Nilelechwe-282] Kingdon 2020, ch. Nile lechwe

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[BOW76-293] Castelló, p. 76

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