Throughout the world, different laws exist that protect monuments.
International law edit
Under international criminal law, monuments are considered a type of cultural heritage and their systematic destruction is prohibited by various international agreements.[1]
By country edit
Austria edit
Austrian laws protecting and preserving monuments have existed since 1853. The current law dates from 1923, and also protects the historic centers of Salzburg, Graz, and Vienna. The Federal Monuments Office oversees monuments protection.[2]
Bosnia and Herzegovina edit
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments oversees monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3]
France edit
The number of protected monuments in France has increased, so has the budget for maintaining them.[4][5]
Germany edit
German law protects monuments from being destroyed during redevelopment.[6]
Hungary edit
Like other countries, Hungary has laws to regulate and protect historical monuments.[7]
Poland edit
Thailand edit
The main legislation covering the protection of historical monuments in Thailand is the Act on Ancient Monuments, Antiques, Objects of Art and National Museums, B.E. 2504 (1961).
United Kingdom edit
In the UK, a bill against desecration of war memorials is being considered.[8][9]
United States edit
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 protects historic sites in the United States, including monuments.[10]
A Pennsylvania law states that a person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if he: (1) intentionally desecrates any public monument or structure, or place of worship or burial; or (2) intentionally desecrates any other object of veneration by the public or a substantial segment thereof in any public place; Desecrate means defacing, damaging, polluting or otherwise physically mistreating in a way that the actor knows will outrage the sensibilities of persons likely to observe or discover the action.[11]
References edit
- ^ Francesco, Francioni (2013). "Cultural Heritage". Oxford Public International Law. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1392. ISBN 9780199231690.
- ^ Klein, Caroline (2018). "Monuments, Protection and Rehabilitation Zonesof Vienna. Genesis and status in legislation andadministration". knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ Musi, Maja (2014). "The international heritage doctrine and the management of heritage in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: the case of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments". International Journal of Heritage Studies. 20 (1): 54–71. doi:10.1080/13527258.2012.709191. S2CID 143834667.
- ^ Benhamou, Francoise (1996). "Is increased public spending for the preservation of historic monuments inevitable? The French case". Journal of Cultural Economics. 20 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1007/BF00128912. S2CID 189888342.
- ^ Benhamou, Françoise (1997). "Conserving Historic Monuments in France: A Critique of Official Policies". Economic Perspectives on Cultural Heritage. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 196–210. ISBN 978-1-349-25824-6.
- ^ Maennig, Wolfgang (2017). "Monument Protection and Zoning: Regulations and Public Support from an International Perspective". Understanding German Real Estate Markets. Management for Professionals. Springer International Publishing. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32031-1_16. ISBN 978-3-319-32031-1.
- ^ Derer, Beatrice (2012). "Architecture and the Protection of Historical Monuments in the Hungarian Legislation". LOGOS, UNIVERSALITY, MENTALITY, EDUCATION, NOVELTY. Section: Law. I (1): 149–162. ISSN 2284-5968.
- ^ "Desecration of War Memorials Bill 2019-21 — UK Parliament". services.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
- ^ Corrigan, Phil (2020-06-23). "City MP's war memorial desecration bill passes first hurdle in Parliament". StokeonTrentLive. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
- ^ "ACHP Policy Statement on Controversial Commemorative Works | Advisory Council on Historic Preservation". www.achp.gov. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Statutes Title 18 Pa.C.S.A. Crimes and Offenses § 5509". Findlaw. Retrieved 2020-08-30.