J-structure

In mathematics, a J-structure is an algebraic structure over a field related to a Jordan algebra. The concept was introduced by Springer (1973) to develop a theory of Jordan algebras using linear algebraic groups and axioms taking the Jordan inversion as basic operation and Hua's identity as a basic relation. There is a classification of simple structures deriving from the classification of semisimple algebraic groups. Over fields of characteristic not equal to 2, the theory of J-structures is essentially the same as that of Jordan algebras.

Definition edit

Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field K and j a rational map from V to itself, expressible in the form n/N with n a polynomial map from V to itself and N a polynomial in K[V]. Let H be the subset of GL(V) × GL(V) containing the pairs (g,h) such that g∘j = j∘h: it is a closed subgroup of the product and the projection onto the first factor, the set of g which occur, is the structure group of j, denoted G'(j).

A J-structure is a triple (V,j,e) where V is a vector space over K, j is a birational map from V to itself and e is a non-zero element of V satisfying the following conditions.^[1]

j is a homogeneous birational involution of degree −1
j is regular at e and j(e) = e
if j is regular at x, e + x and e + j(x) then

j(e+x)+j(e+j(x))=e

the orbit G e of e under the structure group G = G(j) is a Zariski open subset of V.

The norm associated to a J-structure (V,j,e) is the numerator N of j, normalised so that N(e) = 1. The degree of the J-structure is the degree of N as a homogeneous polynomial map.^[2]

The quadratic map of the structure is a map P from V to End(V) defined in terms of the differential dj at an invertible x.^[3] We put

P(x)=-(dj)_{x}^{-1}.

The quadratic map turns out to be a quadratic polynomial map on V.

The subgroup of the structure group G generated by the invertible quadratic maps is the inner structure group of the J-structure. It is a closed connected normal subgroup.^[4]

J-structures from quadratic forms edit

Let K have characteristic not equal to 2. Let Q be a quadratic form on the vector space V over K with associated bilinear form Q(x,y) = Q(x+y) − Q(x) − Q(y) and distinguished element e such that Q(e,.) is not trivial. We define a reflection map x^* by

x^{*}=Q(x,e)e-x

and an inversion map j by

j(x)=Q(x)^{-1}x^{*}.

Then (V,j,e) is a J-structure.

Example edit

Let Q be the usual sum of squares quadratic function on K^r for fixed integer r, equipped with the standard basis e¹,...,e^r. Then (K^r, Q, e^r) is a J-structure of degree 2. It is denoted O₂.^[5]

Link with Jordan algebras edit

In characteristic not equal to 2, which we assume in this section, the theory of J-structures is essentially the same as that of Jordan algebras.

Let A be a finite-dimensional commutative non-associative algebra over K with identity e. Let L(x) denote multiplication on the left by x. There is a unique birational map i on A such that i(x).x = e if i is regular on x: it is homogeneous of degree −1 and an involution with i(e) = e. It may be defined by i(x) = L(x)⁻¹.e. We call i the inversion on A.^[6]

A Jordan algebra is defined by the identity^[7]^[8]

x(x^{2}y)=x^{2}(xy).

An alternative characterisation is that for all invertible x we have

x^{-1}(xy)=x(x^{-1}y).

If A is a Jordan algebra, then (A,i,e) is a J-structure. If (V,j,e) is a J-structure, then there exists a unique Jordan algebra structure on V with identity e with inversion j.

Link with quadratic Jordan algebras edit

In general characteristic, which we assume in this section, J-structures are related to quadratic Jordan algebras. We take a quadratic Jordan algebra to be a finite dimensional vector space V with a quadratic map Q from V to End(V) and a distinguished element e. We let Q also denote the bilinear map Q(x,y) = Q(x+y) − Q(x) − Q(y). The properties of a quadratic Jordan algebra will be^[9]^[10]

Q(e) = id_V, Q(x,e)y = Q(x,y)e
Q(Q(x)y) = Q(x)Q(y)Q(x)
Q(x)Q(y,z)x = Q(Q(x)y,x)z

We call Q(x)e the square of x. If the squaring is dominant (has Zariski dense image) then the algebra is termed separable.^[11]

There is a unique birational involution i such that Q(x)i x = x if Q is regular at x. As before, i is the inversion, definable by i(x) = Q(x)⁻¹ x.

If (V,j,e) is a J-structure, with quadratic map Q then (V,Q,e) is a quadratic Jordan algebra. In the opposite direction, if (V,Q,e) is a separable quadratic Jordan algebra with inversion i, then (V,i,e) is a J-structure.^[12]

H-structure edit

McCrimmon proposed a notion of H-structure by dropping the density axiom and strengthening the third (a form of Hua's identity) to hold in all isotopes. The resulting structure is categorically equivalent to a quadratic Jordan algebra.^[13]^[14]

Peirce decomposition edit

A J-structure has a Peirce decomposition into subspaces determined by idempotent elements.^[15] Let a be an idempotent of the J-structure (V,j,e), that is, a² = a. Let Q be the quadratic map. Define

\phi _{a}(t,u)=Q(ta+u(e-a)).

This is invertible for non-zero t,u in K and so φ defines a morphism from the algebraic torus GL₁ × GL₁ to the inner structure group G₁. There are subspaces

V_{a}=\left\lbrace {x\in V:\phi _{a}(t,u)x=t^{2}x}\right\rbrace

V'_{a}=\left\lbrace {x\in V:\phi _{a}(t,u)x=tux}\right\rbrace

V_{e-a}=\left\lbrace {x\in V:\phi _{a}(t,u)x=u^{2}x}\right\rbrace

and these form a direct sum decomposition of V. This is the Peirce decomposition for the idempotent a.^[16]

Generalisations edit

If we drop the condition on the distinguished element e, we obtain "J-structures without identity".^[17] These are related to isotopes of Jordan algebras.^[18]

References edit

^ Springer (1973) p.10
^ Springer (1973) p.11
^ Springer (1973) p.16
^ Springer (1973) p.18
^ Springer (1973) p.33
^ Springer (1973) p.66
^ Schafer (1995) p.91
^ Okubo (2005) p.13
^ Springer (1973) p.72
^ McCrimmon (2004) p.83
^ Springer (1973) p.74
^ Springer (1973) p.76
^ McCrimmon (1977)
^ McCrimmon (1978)
^ Springer (1973) p.90
^ Springer (1973) p.92
^ Springer (1973) p.21
^ Springer (1973) p.22

McCrimmon, Kevin (1977). "Axioms for inversion in Jordan algebras". J. Algebra. 47: 201–222. doi:10.1016/0021-8693(77)90221-6. Zbl 0421.17013.
McCrimmon, Kevin (1978). "Jordan algebras and their applications" (PDF). Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 84: 612–627. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14503-0. MR 0466235. Zbl 0421.17010.
McCrimmon, Kevin (2004). A taste of Jordan algebras. Universitext. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/b97489. ISBN 978-0-387-95447-9. MR 2014924. Zbl 1044.17001. Archived from the original on 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
Okubo, Susumu (2005) [1995]. Introduction to Octonion and Other Non-Associative Algebras in Physics. Montroll Memorial Lecture Series in Mathematical Physics. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511524479. ISBN 0-521-01792-0. Zbl 0841.17001.
Schafer, Richard D. (1995) [1966]. An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras. Dover. ISBN 0-486-68813-5. Zbl 0145.25601.
Springer, T.A. (1973). Jordan algebras and algebraic groups. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. Vol. 75. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-06104-5. Zbl 0259.17003.

[Spr10-1] Springer (1973) p.10

[Spr11-2] Springer (1973) p.11

[Spr16-3] Springer (1973) p.16

[Spr18-4] Springer (1973) p.18

[Spr33-5] Springer (1973) p.33

[Spr66-6] Springer (1973) p.66

[Sch91-7] Schafer (1995) p.91

[Oku13-8] Okubo (2005) p.13

[Spr72-9] Springer (1973) p.72

[McC83-10] McCrimmon (2004) p.83

[Spr74-11] Springer (1973) p.74

[Spr76-12] Springer (1973) p.76

[McC1977-13] McCrimmon (1977)

[McC1978-14] McCrimmon (1978)

[Spr90-15] Springer (1973) p.90

[Spr92-16] Springer (1973) p.92

[Spr21-17] Springer (1973) p.21

[Spr22-18] Springer (1973) p.22

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