Wikipedia

Hypostomus

Hypostomus is a genus of catfish in the family Loricariidae. They are native to tropical and subtropical South America. H. plecostomus is the popular freshwater aquarium fish formerly known as Plecostomus plecostomus. The taxonomic structure of the Loricariidae is still being expanded by scientists. Hypostomus is a highly species-rich and widely distributed catfish genus.[1]

Hypostomus
Hypostomus plecostomus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Loricariidae
Subfamily: Hypostominae
Tribe: Hypostomini
Kner, 1853
Genus: Hypostomus
Lacépède, 1803
Type species
Hypostomus guacari
Lacépède, 1803
Synonyms

Cheiridodus Eigenmann, 1922
Cochliodon Heckel, 1854
Plecostomus Gronovius, 1754
Watawata Isbrücker & Michels, 2001

Taxonomy and phylogeny edit

This genus is the type member of its tribe Hypostomini and subfamily Hypostominae.[2][3] The type species of Hypostomus is H. guacari.[4]

With the inclusion of Aphanotorulus, Isorineloricaria and Squaliforma, the genus Hypostomus is by far the largest genus of Loricariidae and the second largest genus of catfish.[5][6] However, a good way to split up the genus further is unclear.[2] Species level taxonomy of Hypostomus is still poorly known as well as the phylogenetic relationships within and of the genus. It has been shown that the genus does not form a natural group.[3] However, small monophyletic groups are known to exist within the genus Hypostomus, such as the H. cochliodon group.[5] Aphanotorulus and Isorineloricaria are considered separate genera by some authors based on molecular information.[6]

Studies conducted with representatives of some genera of Hypostominae showed that within this group, the diploid number ranges from 2n = 52 to 2n = 80. However, the supposed wide karyotypic diversity that the family Loricariidae or the subfamily Hypostominae would present is almost exclusively restricted to the genus Hypostomus and the species from the other genera had a conserved diploid number.[7]

Distribution and habitat edit

These species are originate from freshwater habitats of South America and the Caribbean island of Trinidad. They are found throughout most of the range of loricariids except for drainages west of the Atrato River (northwest Colombia). They are essentially ubiquitous throughout their range.[2] Maximum diversity in number of species of Hypostomus occurs in rivers of the Paraná-Paraguay system.[3]

Hypostomus species are found in almost all aquatic habitats, from large rivers to small rivulets.[8] The typical habitat would be relatively fast moving water over a shallow gravel bed. Most species are lowland, sluggish stream- and lake-dwellers usually found associated with submerged wood; however, many species may be found among rocks in piedmont to mountain streams with moderate to swift flow. Members of this genus may be found over a range of substrates such mud, detritus, gravel, and sand.[2] Many species spawn in hollows dug into mud banks or within hollow logs.[2]

Description and ecology edit

As in all loricariids, these species have a suckermouth. They use their mouth as well as the pectoral, pelvic and caudal fin areas, to interact with the rocky river-bottom. The comb-toothed inferior mouth of Hypostomus is able to grasp green algae on the river bottom. With the help of the suckermouth, which anchor the fishes, in conjunction with the arched design of pectoral and pelvic fin spines, they are also able to remain upright while exploring this substratum. In addition, their large, concave caudal fin is associated with fast locomotion over short distances.[9]

Also like other loricariids, Hypostomus species exhibit plates of armor over their body.[2] The colouration among Hypostomus species varies. They may have a white ground color and black spots, or brown and spotted, or even black with red, gold, or white spots. Abdomen also varies in color from white to black and may be spotted or not.[2] The caudal fin is forked with the lower lobe longer than upper. Most species have stout bodies, but some do have thinner, elongate bodies.[2]

In most species, males develop hypertrophied odontodes on the leading edge of the pectoral fin spine and the end of the spine may become swollen. In some species, the males may also develop hypertrophied odontodes on the body during the breeding season.[2]

Hypostomus species are well known for the ability to breathe air. This is achieved through a slightly modified stomach that is larger and thinner than in non-air breathers. To breathe air, Hypostomus must orient itself vertically.[10]

Species of the H. cochliodon group are fairly large loricariids that reach about 30 centimetres (12 in) SL. Their colouration is typically dark brown with spots generally developed over most surfaces; however, most species of this group have been observed to have a well-developed ability to alter color according to substrate. Except for H. sculpodon, these species tend to have a deep body at the dorsal fin origin; this makes the body appear humped.[11] Along with Panaque, species of the H. cochliodon group are unique among loricariids for xylophagy, or the ability to digest wood, accomplished through specialized spoon-shaped teeth. In H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon appear to be intermediate between other species of Hypostomus and the H. cochilodon group by feeding less on wood and lacking specialized teeth; many other Hypostomus will occasionally eat wood, but wood only amounts to a very small fraction of their diet.[11]

Species edit

 
Hypostomus alatus
 
Hypostomus asperatus
 
Hypostomus commersoni
 
Hypostomus subcarinatus

There are currently 155 recognized species in this genus:

References edit

  1. ^ Jardim de Queiroz, Luiz; Cardoso, Yamila; Jacot-des-Combes, Cécile; Bahechar, Ilham Anne; Lucena, Carlos Alberto; Rapp Py-Daniel, Lucia; Sarmento Soares, Luisa Maria; Nylinder, Stephan; Oliveira, Claudio; Parente, Thiago Estevam; Torrente-Vilara, Gislene; Covain, Raphaël; Buckup, Paulo; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (2020-04-01). "Evolutionary units delimitation and continental multilocus phylogeny of the hyperdiverse catfish genus Hypostomus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 145: 106711. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106711. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 31857199. S2CID 209428047.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Armbruster, J.W. "Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803".
  3. ^ a b c Oyakawa, Osvaldo T.; Akama, Alberto; Zanata, Angela M. (2005). "Review of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 921: 1–27. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.921.1.1.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2016). Species of Hypostomus in FishBase. January 2016 version.
  5. ^ a b c Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Tansey, Leigh A.; Lujan, Nathan K. (2007). "Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1553: 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1553.1.3.
  6. ^ a b c Zawadzki, Cláudio H.; Birindelli, José L. O.; Lima, Flávio C. T. (2008). "A new pale-spotted species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins and rio Xingu basins in central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 6 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252008000300012.
  7. ^ Luìs Alves, Anderson; Oliveira, Claudio; Foresti, Fausto (2005). "Comparative cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of subfamilies Neoplecostominae and Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)". Genetica. 124 (2): 127–136. doi:10.1007/s10709-004-7561-4. PMID 16134327. S2CID 8239240.
  8. ^ a b c Zawadzki, Cláudio H.; Weber, Claude; Pavanelli, Carla S. (2008). "Two new species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Teleostei: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 6 (3): 403–412. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252008000300013.
  9. ^ Garavello, J. C.; Garavello, J. P. (2004). "Spatial distribution and interaction of four species of the catfish genus Hypostomus Lacépède with bottom of Rio São Francisco, Canindé do São Francisco, Sergipe, Brazil (Pisces, Loricariidae, Hypostominae)" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Biology. 64 (3B): 591–598. doi:10.1590/s1519-69842004000400006. PMID 15619997.
  10. ^ Armbruster, Jonathan W. (1998). "Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes" (PDF). Copeia. 1998 (3): 663–675. doi:10.2307/1447796. JSTOR 1447796.
  11. ^ a b Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2003). "The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 249: 1–60. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.249.1.1.
  12. ^ Castelnau, Francis comte de (1855). Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pendant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de L'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. Tome Second (in French). France: Chez P. Bertrand. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.101716.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Isbrücker, I.J.H. (1980). "Classification and catalogue of the mailed Loricariidae (Pisces, Siluriformes)" (PDF). Verslagen en Technische Gegevens. 22 (1): 1–181.
  14. ^ Burgess, Warren (1989). An atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes : a preliminary survey of the Siluriformes. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. ISBN 0-86622-131-X. OCLC 875582011.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Werneke, David C.; Tan, Milton (2015). "Three new species of saddled loricariid catfishes, and a review of Hemiancistrus, Peckoltia, and allied genera (Siluriformes)". ZooKeys (480): 97–123. doi:10.3897/zookeys.480.6540. PMC 4319111. PMID 25685026.
  16. ^ Cardoso, Yamila P.; Almirón, Adriana; Casciotta, Jorge; Aichino, Danilo; Lizarralde, Marta S.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (2012). "Origin of species diversity in the catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) inhabiting the Paraná river basin, with the description of a new species". Zootaxa. 3453: 69–83. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3453.1.5. S2CID 85715759.
  17. ^ Eigenmann, Carl H.; Eigenmann, Rosa Smith (1890). A revision of the South American Nematognathi or cat-fishes / by Carl H. Eigenmann and Rosa Smith Eigenmann. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30137.
  18. ^ Kner, Rudolf (1854). Die Hypostomiden : zweite Hauptgruppe der Familie der Panzerfische (Loricata v. Goniodontes) / von R. Kner (in German). Wien: Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.12573.
  19. ^ a b c Tencatt, Luiz F. C.; Zawadzki, Cláudio H.; Froehlich, Otávio (2014). "Two new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguay basin, with a redescription of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner, 1854". Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (3): 585–602. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20130162.
  20. ^ a b "Hypostomus formosae, a new catfish species from the Paraguay River Basin with redescription of H. boulengeri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 27 (1): 9–24. 2016.
  21. ^ Günther, Albert C. L. G. (1859). Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 4. London: British Museum (Natural History), Department of Zoology. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8809.
  22. ^ Martins, Fernanda O.; Marinho, Manoela M. F.; Langeani, Francisco; Serra, Jane P. (2012). "A New Species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Paraguay Basin, Brazil". Copeia. 2012 (3): 494–500. doi:10.1643/ci-11-011. S2CID 84627045.
  23. ^ Birindelli, José L. O.; Zanata, Angela M.; Lima, Flávio C. T. (2007). "Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 5 (3): 271–278. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252007000300006.
  24. ^ Zawadzki, Cláudio H.; Carvalho, Pedro Hollanda (2014). "A new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Aripuanã basin in Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252014000100004.
  25. ^ Zawadzki, Cláudio Henrique; Oliveira, Renildo Ribeiro de; Debona, Tiago (2013). "A new species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 11 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000100008.
  26. ^ Zanata, Angela M.; Sardeiro, Byanca; Zawadzki, Cláudio H. (2013). "A new dark-dotted species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 11 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000200002.
  27. ^ Zawadzki, Cláudio H.; Birindelli, José L. O.; Lima, Flávio C. T. (2012). "A new armored catfish species of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Xingu basin, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 10 (2): 245–253. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000200003.
  28. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Hypostomus laplatae". FishBase.
  29. ^ Zanata, Angela M.; Pitanga, Bruno R. (2016). "A new species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia State, Brazil". Zootaxa. 4137 (2): 223–232. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4137.2.4. PMID 27470717.
  30. ^ "Hypostomus melanephelis, a new armored catfish species from the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Teleostei: Loricariidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 26 (1): 49–58. 2015.
  31. ^ Jerep, Fernando C.; Shibatta, Oscar A.; Zawadzki, Cláudio H. (2007). "A new species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Southern Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 5 (4): 435–442. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252007000400002.
  32. ^ Garavello, Julio César; Britski, Heraldo Antônio; Zawadzki, Claudio Henrique (2012). "The cascudos of the genus Hypostomus Lacépède (Ostariophysi: Loricariidae) from the rio Iguaçu basin". Neotropical Ichthyology. 10 (2): 263–283. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000200005.
  33. ^ Zawadzki, Claudio H.; Tencatt, Luiz F. C.; Froehlich, Otávio (2014). "A new unicuspid-toothed species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguai basin". Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252014000100010.
  34. ^ Pfeil, Friedrich & München, • & Zawadzki, Cláudio & Silva, Hugmar & Troy, Waldo. (2018). Redescription of Hypostomus latirostris (Regan, 1904) with the recognition of a new species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 28. 10.23788/IEF-1079.
  35. ^ Cardoso, Yamila P.; Brancolini, Florencia; Protogino, Lucila; Paracampo, Ariel; Bogan, Sergio; Posadas, Paula; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (2019). "An integrated approach clarifies the cryptic diversity in Hypostomus Lacépède 1803 from the Lower la Plata Basin". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (2): e20180131. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920180131. hdl:11336/118954. PMID 31038530. S2CID 140248209.
  36. ^ Ray, C. K.; Armbruster, J. W. (2016). "The genera Isorineloricaria and Aphanotorulus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with description of a new species". Zootaxa. 4072 (5): 501–539. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.5.1. PMID 27395943.
  37. ^ Martins, Fernanda O.; Langeani, Francisco; Zawadzki, Cláudio H. (2014). "A new spiny species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from thermal waters, upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (4): 729–736. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140035. hdl:11449/117915.
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