The HQ-16 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-16; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-16; pinyin: Hóng Qí-16; lit. 'Red Banner-16'; NATO reporting name: CH-SA-16)[4][5] is a medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) from the People's Republic of China. It is derived from earlier versions of the Russian Buk missile system.[1][3]
| HQ-16 | |
|---|---|
 HQ-16A ground launcher | |
| Type | Surface-to-air missile |
| Place of origin | People's Republic of China |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2011 – present |
| Used by | Primary user: China See Operators section for others |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) |
| Specifications | |
Detonation mechanism | impact / proximity |
| Engine | rocket motor |
| Propellant | solid fuel |
Operational range | 40 kilometres (25 mi) (HQ-16/HQ-16A) (slant)[1] 70 kilometres (43 mi) (HQ-16B)[1] 160 kilometres (99 mi) (HQ-16FE)[2] |
Guidance system | Semi-active radar homing[1] |
Launch platform | Transporter erector launcher[1] Ship[3] |
Development edit
Development began in 2005, and was reportedly assisted by the Almaz-Antey Corporation.[4] It was initially developed as a naval system.[1] In late-2011, China reported the "co-development between Russia and China" of the missile was complete.[4]
The HQ-16B was developed by late-2011.[4]
A ground battery consists of a command post, two multifunction radars, and four to six launchers. Each launcher has six missiles.[1]
Operational history edit
The platform for the HHQ-16, the Type 054A frigate, entered service in 2008.[6] The HQ-16A entered service in 2011.[7]
The HQ-16A entered Chinese service in 2011.[7]
Pakistan entered negotiations to purchase the missile in 2015.[8] The LY-80s entered service with the Pakistan Army in March 2017.[9]
Variants edit
- HQ-16A
Original land-based variant[1] with a range of 40 kilometres (25 mi).[7]
- HHQ-16
Naval variant,[3] reportedly a domestic-produced variant of the 9M317ME missile.[10]
- HQ-16B
Improved variant with slant range exceeding 70 kilometres (43 mi).[1]
- HQ-16C
Improved variant with slant range exceeding 70 kilometres (43 mi).[1]
- LY-80
Export variant.[11]
- LY-80N
Export naval variant.[11]
- HQ-16FE
Improved variant with range up to 160 kilometres (99 mi).[12]
Operators edit
- People's Liberation Army Ground Force - 200 HQ-16A & HQ-16B[13]
- People's Liberation Army Navy - HHQ-16[14]
- Pakistan Army - LY-80[11]
- Pakistan Navy - LY-80N[11]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j United States Department of the Army 2021, p. C-3.
- ^ Chan, Minnie (15 November 2022). "China showcases latest missile defence systems at Zhuhai air show". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Schwartz 2015, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d Fisher, Richard D. Jr.; Gibson, Neil (7 September 2016). "China develops longer-range HQ-16 SAM variant". janes.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ^ "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. 15 February 2023.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Dominguez, Gabriel (15 January 2018). "PLAN inducts Type 054A frigate into North Sea Fleet". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ a b c Cazalet, Mark; Dominguez, Gabriel (1 March 2021). "Air-defence brigade under PLAGF's 78th Group Army receives HQ-16 SAM systems". Janes. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ Einhorn & Sidhu 2017, p. 54.
- ^ "Army inducts Chinese-built air defence system to its arsenal". Dawn.com. 12 March 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ Tada, Tomohiko (January 2015), "Shipboard Weapons of the World", Ships of the World (811), Kaijin-sha: 61, NAID 40020297435
- ^ a b c d The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2022, p. 298.
- ^ Chan, Minnie (15 November 2022). "China showcases latest missile defence systems at Zhuhai air show". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2022, p. 257.
- ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2022, p. 258.
Sources edit
- Einhorn, Robert; Sidhu, W.P.S. (March 2017). The Strategic Chain: Linking Pakistan, India, China, and the United States (PDF) (Report). Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Series. Brookings Institution.
- The International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). The Military Balance 2022. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8.
- Schwartz, Paul (August 2015). Russia's Contribution to China's Surface Warfare Capabilities: Feeding the Dragon (PDF). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5879-2.
- United States Department of the Army (9 August 2021). Chinese Tactics (PDF). Army Techniques Publication. Washington, D.C. 7-100.3.
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