Gram-negative bacterial infection
| Gram-negative bacterial infection |
| Classification and external resources |
Gram negative cell wall
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| MeSH |
D016905 |
Gram-negative bacterial infection refers to a disease caused by Gram-negative bacteria. One example is E. coli.[1]
It is important to recognize that this class is defined morphologically (by the presence of a bacterial outer membrane), and not histologically (by a pink appearance when stained), though the two usually coincide.
One reason for this division is that the outer membrane is of major clinical significance: it can play a role in the reduced effectiveness of certain antibiotics,[2] and it is the source of endotoxin.[3]
The gram status of some organisms is complex or disputed:
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Mycoplasma are sometimes considered gram negative,[4][5] but because of its lack of a cell wall and unusual membrane composition, it is sometimes considered separately from other gram negative bacteria.[6]
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Gardnerella is often considered gram negative,[7] but it is classified in MeSH as both gram positive and gram negative.[8] It has some traits of gram positive bacteria,[9] but has a gram negative appearance.[10] It has been described as a "gram-variable rod".[11][12]
References
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^ Cordonnier C, Herbrecht R, Buzyn A, et al. (August 2005). "Risk factors for Gram-negative bacterial infections in febrile neutropenia". Haematologica 90 (8): 1102–9. PMID 16079110. http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16079110.
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^ Pagès JM, Masi M, Barbe J (August 2005). "Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria". Trends Mol Med 11 (8): 382–9. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006. PMID 15996519. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471-4914(05)00126-7.
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^ "Introduction: Bacterial Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition". http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190/ch190a.html.
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^ MeSH Mycoplasma
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^ "mycoplasma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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^ Sasaki T (April 1991). "Evidence that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen". J. Bacteriol. 173 (7): 2398–400. PMC 207793. PMID 2007558. http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2007558.
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^ "Gardnerella" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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^ MeSH Gardnerella
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^ Sadhu K, Domingue PA, Chow AW, Nelligan J, Cheng N, Costerton JW (July 1989). "Gardnerella vaginalis has a gram-positive cell-wall ultrastructure and lacks classical cell-wall lipopolysaccharide". J. Med. Microbiol. 29 (3): 229–35. doi:10.1099/00222615-29-3-229. PMID 2787405.
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^ Cook RL, Reid G, Pond DG, Schmitt CA, Sobel JD (September 1989). "Clue cells in bacterial vaginosis: immunofluorescent identification of the adherent gram-negative bacteria as Gardnerella vaginalis". J. Infect. Dis. 160 (3): 490–6. PMID 2668431.
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^ "eMedicine - Gardnerella : Article by Diana Curran". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic841.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
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^ "eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!". http://www.emedicine.com/asp/dictionary.asp?keyword=Gardnerella.
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(C/D,
140–239 &
279–289) |
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| (E, 240–278) |
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| (F, 290–319) |
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| (G, 320–359) |
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| (H, 360–389) |
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| (I, 390–459) |
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| (J, 460–519) |
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| (K, 520–579) |
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| (L, 680–709) |
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| (M, 710–739) |
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| (N, 580–629) |
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| (O, 630–679) |
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| (P, 760–779) |
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| (Q, 740–759) |
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| (R, 780–799) |
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