Global spread of the printing press

      The global spread of the printing press by its first appearance — projected upon a modern world map and animated in 10-year increments
      Spread of printing in the 15th century
      European output of printed books from the 15th through the 18th century

      The global spread of the printing press began with the invention of the printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany (circa 1439). Western printing technology was adopted in all world regions by the end of the 19th century, displacing the manuscript and block printing.

      In the Western world, the operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of publishing and lent its name to a new branch of media, the press (see list of newspapers by date).[1]

      Spread of the Gutenberg press

      Germany

      Modern stamp commemorating the Gutenberg Bible, the first major work printed by mechanical movable type

      Gutenberg's first major print work was the 42-line Bible in Latin, printed probably between 1452 and 1454 in the German city of Mainz. After Gutenberg lost a lawsuit against his investor Johann Fust, Fust put Gutenberg's employee Peter Schöffer in charge of the print shop. Thereupon Gutenberg established a new one with the financial backing of another money lender. With Gutenberg's monopoly revoked, and the technology no longer secret, printing spread throughout Germany and beyond, diffused first by emigrating German printers, but soon also by foreign apprentices.

      Europe

      In rapid succession, printing presses were set up in Central and Western Europe. Major towns, in particular, functioned as centers of diffusion (Cologne 1466, Rome 1467, Venice 1469, Paris 1470, Cracow 1473, London 1477). In 1481, barely 30 years after the publication of the 42-line Bible, the small Netherlands already featured printing shops in 21 cities and towns, while Italy and Germany each had shops in about 40 towns at that time. According to one estimate, "by 1500 1000 printing presses were in operation throughout Western Europe and had produced 8 million books."[2] According to another, the output was in the order of twenty million volumes and rose in the 16th century tenfold to between 150 and 200 million copies.[3] Germany and Italy were considered the two main centres of printing in terms of quantity and quality.

      Rest of the world

      The near-simultaneous discovery of sea routes to the West (Christopher Columbus, 1492) and East (Vasco da Gama, 1498) and the subsequent establishment of trade links greatly facilitated the global spread of Gutenberg-style printing. Traders, colonists, but, perhaps most, missionaries exported printing presses to the new European oversea domains, setting up new print shops and distributing printing material. In the Americas, the first extra-European print shop was founded in Mexico City in 1544 (1539?), and soon after Jesuits started operating the first printing press in Asia (Goa, 1556).

      For a long time however, movable type printing remained mainly the business of Europeans working from within the confines of their colonies. According to Suraiya Faroqhi, lack of interest and religious reasons were among the reasons for the slow adoption of the printing press outside Europe: Thus, the printing of Arabic, after encountering strong opposition by Muslim legal scholars and the manuscript scribes, remained prohibited in the Ottoman empire between 1483 and 1729, initially even on penalty of death,[4][5] while some movable Arabic type printing was done by Pope Julius II (1503−1512) for distribution among Middle Eastern Christians,[6] and the oldest Qur’an printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537/1538 for the Ottoman market.

      In India, reports are that Jesuits "presented a polyglot Bible to the Emperor Akbar in 1580 but did not succeed in arousing much curiosity."[7] But also practical reasons seem to have played a role. The English East India Company, for example, brought a printer to Surat in 1675, but was not able to cast type in Indian scripts, so the venture failed.[7]

      North America saw the adoption by the Cherokee Indian Elias Boudinot who published the tribe's first newspaper Cherokee Phoenix from 1828, partly in his native language, using the Cherokee alphabet recently invented by his compatriot Sequoyah.

      In the 19th century, the arrival of the Gutenberg-style press to the shores of Tahiti (1818), Hawaii (1821) and other Pacific islands, marked the end of a global diffusion process which had begun almost 400 years earlier. At the same time, the 'old style' press (as the Gutenberg model came to be termed in the 19th century), was already in the process of being displaced by industrial machines like the steam powered press (1812) and the rotary press (1833), which radically departed from Gutenberg's design, but were still of the same development line.[8]

      ↑Jump back a section

      Dates by location

      The following represents a selection:[9]

      Germany, Austria and German printers in Central Europe

      Date City Printer Comment
      1452–53[10] Mainz Johannes Gutenberg, Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust (investor) Gutenberg Bible
      ~1457[10] Bamberg Albrecht Pfister, Johann Sensenschmid (from 1480) Pfister: first woodcut book illustration c. 1461[11]
      Not later than 1460[10] Strassburg Johannes Mentelin In 1605, Johann Carolus publishes the German Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news), recognized by the World Association of Newspapers as the first newspaper.[12]
      ~1465[10] Cologne Ulrich Zell
      1468[10] Augsburg Günther Zainer
      Not later than 1469[10] Nuremberg Johann Sensenschmid, Johannes Regiomontanus (1472–75), Anton Koberger (1473–1513)
      1471[10] Speyer
      1472[10] Lauingen
      1473[10] Esslingen
      1473[10] Merseburg
      1473[10] Ulm
      ~1473–74[10] Erfurt
      ~1474[10] Lübeck 1488, Missale Aboense and other versions, first books for the Scandinavian and Finnish markets, by Bartholomeus Ghotan
      1475[13] Breslau (now Wrocław) Kasper Elyan of Glogau [14] Kasper's print shop remained operational until 1483 with an overall output of 11 titles.[13]
      1475[10] Trento
      ~1475[10] Blaubeuren
      ~1475[10] Rostock
      1476[10] Reutlingen
      ~1478–79[10] Memmingen Albrecht Kunne
      1479[10] Würzburg Georg Reyser
      1479[10] Magdeburg
      1480[10] Passau
      1480[10] Leipzig Andreas Friesner
      ~1480[10] Eichstätt
      1482[10] Vienna Johann Winterburger
      1482[10] Munich Johann Schauer
      1482[10] Heidelberg
      1484[10] Ingolstadt
      1485[10] Münster
      ~1485[10] Regensburg
      1486[15] Schleswig Stephan Arndes
      ~1486[10] Stuttgart
      ~1488[10] Hamburg
      1489[10] Hagenau
      1491[10] Freiburg
      1492[10] Marienburg Jakob Karweyse Only two editions printed[16]
      1499[10] Danzig Franz Rhode 1538: Wisby'sches Waterrecht, 1540: Narratio Prima

      Rest of Europe

      Italy

      Date City Printer Comment
      1465[17] Subiaco Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym
      1467[17] Rome Ulrich Hahn, Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym (from 1467)
      1469[17] Venice Johann von Speyer, shortly afterwards Nikolaus Jenson from Tours, Aldus Manutius Johann was granted a privilege for 5 years for movable type printing by the Senate, but died soon after.[18] In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci produced the first book of sheet music printed from movable type.
      1470[17] Milan Filippo de Lavagna, Antonio Zaroto, shortly afterwards Waldarfer von Regensburg
      1470[17] Naples
      1471[17] Florence Demetrius Damilas Earliest printing in Greek
      1471[17] Genoa
      1471[10] Ferrara
      1471[17] Bologna Probably in 1477, claimed to have the first engraved illustrations,[19] although the 1476 Boccaccio edition by Colard Mansion in Bruges already had copper engravings[20]
      1471[10] Padua
      1471[10] Treviso
      1472[10] Parma
      1473[10] Pavia
      1473[10] Brescia
      ~1473–74[10] Modena
      1484[10] Siena

      In the 15th century, printing presses were established in 77 Italian cities and towns. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, of which 130 (86%) were north of Rome.[21] During these two centuries a total of 2894 printers were active in Italy, with only 216 of them located in southern Italy. Ca. 60% of the Italian printing shops were situated in six cities (Venice, Rome, Milan, Naples, Bologna and Florence), with the concentration of printers in Venice being particularly high (ca. 30%).[22]

      Switzerland

      Date City Printer Comment
      ~1468[10] Basel Berthold Ruppel
      1470[10] Beromünster Helias Helye
      ~1474[10] Burgdorf
      1478[10] Geneva Adam Steinschauwer
      ~1479[10] Zürich
      1577 Schaffhausen
      1578 St. Gallen
      1585 Fribourg
      1664 Einsiedeln

      France

      Date City Printer Comment
      1470[10] Paris Ulrich Gering, Martin Crantz, Michael Friburger
      1473[10] Lyon Guillaume Le Roy, Buyer
      ~1475[10] Toulouse
      1476–77[10] Angers
      ~1477–78[10] Vienne
      1478–79[10] Chablis
      1479[10] Poitiers
      1480[10] Caen
      1480–82[10] Rouen
      1483[10] Troyes
      1484–85[10] Rennes
      1486[10] Abbeville
      ~1486–88[10] Besançon
      1490–91[10] Orléans
      1491[10] Dijon
      1491[10] Angoulême
      1493[10] Nantes
      1493–94[10] Tours
      1495–96[10] Limoges
      1497[10] Avignon
      1500[10] Perpignan

      Apart from the cities above, there was a small number of lesser towns which set up printing presses.

      Spain

      Date City Printer Comment
      ~1472–73[10] Seville
      ~1472–74[10] Segovia Johannes Parix
      ~1473[10] Barcelona
      ~1473–74[10] Valencia
      1475[10] Zaragoza Matthias Flander, Paul Hurus
      ~1480[10] Salamanca
      1485[10] Burgos
      1496[10] Granada Meinrad Ungut, Hans Pegnitzer
      1499[10] Montserrat Oldest publishing house in the world still running

      Belgium

      Date City Printer Comment
      1473[23] Aalst Dirk Martens
      1473–74[10] Leuven Johann von Westphalen
      ~1473–74[10] Bruges Colard Mansion Worked with, and (?) trained William Caxton, printing the first books in English (Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye) and also French, as well as the first book to use engravings for illustrations.
      1475–76[10] Brussels
      1480[10] Oudenaarde Arend De Keysere
      1481[10] Antwerp Matt. Van der Goes
      1483[10] Ghent Arend De Keysere

      The Netherlands

      Date City Printer Comment
      1473[10] Utrecht
      1477[10] Gouda Gerard Leeu
      1477[10] Deventer Richard Paffroad
      1477[10] Zwolle
      1477[10] Delft Jacob Jacobzoon
      1483[10] Haarlem Jacob Bellaert

      In 1481, printing was already done in 21 towns and cities.

      Hungary

      Date City Printer Comment
      1473[24] Buda
      (now Budapest)      		 Andreas Hess? The first work printed on Hungarian soil was the Latin history book Chronica Hungarorum published on 5 June 1473.[24]
      1561[25] Debrecen The town becoming a stronghold of Calvinism in Hungary during the Reformation, the press was particularly active in service of the Calvinist cause.[25]

      In the 16th century, a total of 20 print shops were active in 30 different places in Hungary, as some of them were moving several times due to political instability.[25]

      Poland

      Main article: Early printing in Poland
      Date City Printer Comment
      1473[26] Cracow Kasper Straube The oldest printed work in Poland is the Latin Calendarium cracoviense (Cracovian Calendar), a single-sheet astronomical almanac for the year 1474. Although Straube continued to published in Cracow until 1477, printing became permanently established in Cracow, and Poland, only after 1503.[16] In 1491, the first book in Cyrillic script was published by Schweipolt Fiol from Franconia.[27] In 1513, Florian Ungler printed Hortulus Animae, the first book in the Polish language.
      1593 Lwów Matthias Bernhart
      1625 Warsaw

      In the 15th and 16th centuries printing presses were also established in Poznań, Lwów, Brześć Litewski and Vilnius.[13]

      Bohemia

      Date City Printer Comment
      ~1475–76[10] Pilsen Mikuláš Bakalář (name known since 1488) Statuta Ernesti (1476, Latin), The New Testament (1476, two editions in Czech), Passionale, The Chronicle of Troyes (? 1476, Czech)
      1486[10] Brünn Conradus Stahel, Matthias Preinlein Agenda Olomucensis 1486 and further 20, partly small prints in Latin until 1488.[28]
      1487[10] Prague The Chronicle of Troyes 1487, Psalter 1487, The Bible 1488 (all in Czech); since 1512 printing in Hebrew, since 1517 in Cyrillic, too.
      1489[10] Kuttenberg Martin z Tišnova The Bible (in Czech)

      England

      Date City Printer Comment
      1476[29] Westminster William Caxton The first dated prints in England are an indulgence dating to 13 December 1476 (date written in by hand), and the Dicts or Sayings, completed on 18 November 1477. Between 1472 and 1476, Caxton had already published several English works on the continent (see Bruges above).[29]
      1478[10] Oxford Theoderich Rood
      ~1479[10] St Albans 'Schoolmaster' The St Albans Press produced eight known prints including The Chronicles of England.[10]
      1480[10] London John Lettou, William Machlinia, Wynkyn de Worde

      Denmark

      Date City Printer Comment
      1482[15] Odense Johann Snell Snell was the first to introduce printing both in Denmark and Sweden.[15]
      1493[15] Copenhagen Gottfried von Ghemen Von Ghemen published in Copenhagen from 1493 to 1495 and from 1505 to 1510. In the meantime, he was active in the Dutch town of Leiden. For 200 years, official policy confined printing in Denmark largely to Copenhagen.[30]

      Sweden

      Date City Printer Comment
      1483[15] Stockholm Johann Snell Snell published the Dialogus creaturarum on Riddarholmen island in Stockholm on December 20, 1483.
      Before 1495[10] Vadstena
      1510 Uppsala

      Portugal

      Date City Printer Comment
      1487[31] Faro Samuel Gacon (also called Porteiro) The country's first printed book was the Hebrew Pentateuch, published by the Jew Samuel Gacon in southern Portugal, after having fled from the Spanish Inquisition.[31]
      1488[32] Chaves [32] Unknown [32] According to the German scholar Horch the Sacramental is the first book printed in Portuguese, and not Ludolphus de Saxonia's Livro de Vita Christi of 1495 as previously assumed.[32]
      1489[10] Lisboa Rabbi Zorba, Raban Eliezer
      1492[10] Leiria
      1494[10] Braga
      1536 Coimbra
      1571 Viseu
      1583 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores
      1622 Oporto

      Croatia

      Date City Printer Comment
      ~1491[10] Kosinj, Lika
      1494[10] Senj Blaž Baromić Blaž Baromić with his co-workers established printing house in Senj based on glagolitic script. Their first work was the Breviary of Senj.

      |

      Serbia and Montenegro

      Date City Printer Comment
      1493–94[10] Cetinje Đurađ IV Crnojević, Makarije Đurađ IV Crnojević used the printing press brought to Cetinje by his father Ivan I Crnojević to print the first books in southeastern Europe, in 1493. The Crnojević printing press operated from 1493 through 1496, turning out religious books of which five have been preserved: Oktoih prvoglasnik, Oktoih petoglasnik, Psaltir, Molitvenik and Četvorojevanđelje (the first Bible in Serbian language). Đurađ managed the printing of the books, wrote prefaces and afterwords, and developed sophisticated tables of Psalms with the lunar calendar. The books from the Crnojević press were printed in two colors, red and black, and were richly ornamented. They served as models for many of the subsequent books printed in Cyrillic.
      1552 Belgrade Trojan Gundulić Četvorojevanđelje, Serbulje

      By 1500, the cut-off point for incunabula, 236 towns in Europe had presses, and it is estimated that twenty million books had been printed for a European population of perhaps seventy million.[11]

      Scotland

      Date City Printer Comment
      1507[33] (the earliest surviving item is dated 4 April 1508) Edinburgh Walter Chepman and Androw Myllar William Elphinstone, the Bishop of Aberdeen, was anxious to get a breviary published (see Aberdeen Breviary), and petitioned King James IV to have a printing press set up. Myllar had previously been involved with printing in France, where Scots authors had traditionally had their books printed (see Auld Alliance). The earliest works were mainly small books (approximately 15 cm), but at least one book was printed in folio format, Blind Harry's The Wallace.[34]
      1552 St Andrews[35] John Scot[36]
      1571 Stirling Robert Lekprevik
      1622 Aberdeen Edward Raban
      1638 Glasgow George Anderson
      1651 Leith Evan Tyler
      1685 Campbeltown unknown printer
      1694 Maybole unknown printer

      Romania

      Date City Printer Comment
      1508 Târgoviște Hieromonk Makarije Macarie is brought into Wallachia by the prince Radu cel Mare. The first printed book in Romania is made in 1508, Liturghierul. Octoihul is also printed in 1510, and Evangheliarul is printed in 1512[37]
      1534 Braşov At the time, the city was the part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
      1545 Târgoviște Dimitrie Liubavici Mostly religious books are printed, among them being Molitvelnic.[38] Interestingly, books printed in Wallachia were also reprinted for use in Moldavia, which at the time did not have its own press.
      1550[39] Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca) At the time, the city was the part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
      1561 Braşov Coresi Întrebare creştinească (Catehismul)

      Greece

      Date City Printer Comment
      1515 Saloniki
      1817 Corfu

      Lithuania

      Date City Printer Comment
      1522 Vilnius Francysk Skaryna The Little Travel Guide

      Iceland

      Date City Printer Comment
      ca. 1530[40] Holar Jon Matthiasson (Swede) Press imported on the initiative of Bishop Jon Arason. First known local print is the Latin songbook Breviarium Holense of 1534.[40]

      Norway

      Date City Printer Comment
      mid-16th century Trondheim
      1644 Oslo

      Ireland

      Date City Printer Comment
      1551 ? Humphrey Powell

      Russia

      Date City Printer Comment
      1553−4[27] Moscow Unknown According to recent research, the Gospel Book and six others published then.[27]
      1564[41] Moscow Ivan Fyodorov (printer) Acts of the Apostles (Apostol) is the first dated book printed in Russia.[41]
      1711[42] St Petersburg
      1815 Astrachan

      Until the reign of Peter the Great printing in Russia remained confined to the print office established by Fedorov in Moscow. In the 18th century, annual printing output gradually rose from 147 titles in 1724 to 435 (1787), but remained constrained by state censorship and widespread illiteracy.[43]

      Latvia

      Date City Printer Comment
      1588 Riga Nikolaus Mollin

      Ukraine

      Date City Printer Comment
      1460 Lviv Stepan Dropan Presented St. Onuphrius’ Monastery with its own print shop[44]
      1574 Lviv Ivan Fedorov Apostol (the Acts and Epistles in Slavonic)-

      Estonia

      Date City Printer Comment
      1632 Tartu Jacobus Pistorius (Jacob Becker) PostOrdnung (28.09.1632) was the first document printed in Tartu with date and printers name. The printing press operated in connection with Tartu University (Academia Gustaviana) that was opened on the same year. The reverse side of the document contains a resolution of Johan Skytte about Academia Gustaviana.[45]

      Finland

      Date City Printer Comment
      1642 Turku Peder Walde, Swedish The print shop was set up at The Royal Academy of Turku which was the first university (created in 1640) in what is now Finland

      Georgia

      Date City Printer Comment
      1701 Tbilisi Mihail Ishtvanovitch

      Armenia

      Main article: Armenian printing
      Date City Printer Comment
      1771 Vagharshapat St. Grigor Lusavorich Simeon Yerevantsi (Catholicos of Armenia) The first published book in Etchmiadzin was titled Սաղմոսարան (Psalms).[46] The printing house was St. Grigor Lusavorich.

      Greenland

      Date City Printer Comment
      1860 Godthaab

      Rest of the world

      Latin America

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1539[47] Mexico City Mexico Juan Pablos of Brescia[48] at the House of the First Print Shop in the Americas Established by the archbishop Juan de Zumárraga, using Hans Cromberger from Seville, the first book printed was Breve y Mas Compendiosa Doctrina Christina.[48] Between 1539 and 1600 presses produced 300 editions, and in the following century 2,007 editions were printed.[49] In the 16th century, more than 31% of locally produced imprints were in native Indian languages, mostly religious texts and grammars or vocabularies of Amerindian languages. In the 17th century, this rate dropped to 3% of total output.[50]
      1581[47] Lima Peru Presses produced 1,106 titles between 1584 and 1699.[51]
      1640[47] Puebla Mexico
      1660[47] Guatemala City Guatemala
      1700[47] Jesuit mission of Paraguay Paraguay Established with local materials by local Guaraní workers who had converted to Christianity.[47]
      1707[47] Havana Cuba
      1736[47] Bogotá Colombia
      1759[47] Quito Ecuador
      1776[47] Santiago de Chile Chile Press functioned only briefly.[47] In 1812 permanently established.
      1780[47] Buenos Aires Argentina
      1807 Montevideo Uruguay
      1808[52] Rio de Janeiro Brazil
      1808[47] Caracas Venezuela
      1810 Valparaíso Chile

      Africa

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1494 São Tomé and Príncipe Valentin (of Moravia) Early German printers[53]
      1516 Fez Morocco Jewish Refugees who had worked for the printer Rabbi Eliezer Toledano in Lisbon[54]
      As early as 16th century Mozambique Portuguese
      Luanda Angola Portuguese
      Malindi Kenya Portuguese
      1795 Cape Town South Africa Johann Christian Ritter
      German      		 Almanach voor't jaar 1796.[55][56] The possibility of printing may be as early as 1784 when Ritter arrived in the Cape but no earlier output has surfaced.[57] Ritter is also said to have printed Almanacs for 1795 to 1797 suggesting a start to printing of 1794.[58]
      1798 Cairo Egypt French
      c.1825 Madagascar
      1833 Mauritius
      1855[59] Scheppmansdorf
      (now: Rooibank)      		 Namibia Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt On 29 June 1855, Protestant missionary Kleinschmidt published 300 copies of Luther's catechism in the Nama language which represent the first printed works in that tongue. Political unrest seems to have prevented further printing activities. The press was reported as being functional as late as 1868, but whether printing was resumed is unknown.[59]
      1892 Salisbury Southern Rhodesia
      (now: Zimbabwe)      		 Rhodesia Herald in print, may have started earlier [57]

      South Asia

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1550 Goa Portuguese India Jesuits The press was attached to St Paul's college[60]
      1712 Tranquebar India Danish-Halle/SPCK Mission
      1737 ? Sri Lanka
      1772 Madras India Shahamir Shahamirian, Armenian The first book published here was Այբբենարան (Aybbenaran - Reading Primer) in Armenian
      1779 Calcutta India Charl. Wilkins
      1792 Bombay India
      1800 Serampore Danish India Baptist Missionary Society Printing Bibles and books in several Indian languages

      Ottoman Empire

      Date City Printer Comment
      Dec 13th, 1493 Istanbul David and Samuel ibn Nahmias, Hebrew First ever printed book in Ottoman Empire was Arba'ah Turim in Hebrew.[61] Some argue the year and suggest 1503 or 1504[61]
      1554 Bursa
      1567 Constantinople Apkar Tebir, Armenian The first book printed here was Փոքր քերականութիւն (Poqr Qerakanutyun - Brief Armenian Grammar) in Armenian
      1610 St. Antonius Monastery, Qozhaya Set up by Maronites in Lebanon
      1729[62] Constantinople Ibrahim Muteferrika First press for printing in Arabic established in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the Ulama. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters.[63]
      1759 Smyrna (Izmir) Markos, Armenian
      1779[64] Constantinople James Mario Matra (Briton) Abortive attempt to revive printing in the Ottoman lands[64]

      Due to religious qualms, Sultan Bayezid II and successors prohibited printing in Arabic script in the Ottoman empire from 1483 on penalty of death, but printing in other scripts was done by Jews as well as the Greek and Armenian communities (1515 Saloniki, 1554 Bursa (Adrianople), 1552 Belgrade, 1658 Smyrna). In 1727, Sultan Achmed III gave his permission for the establishment of the first legal print house for printing secular works in Arabic script (religious publications still remained forbidden),[63] but printing activities did not really start off until the 19th century.

      South East Asia

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1590 Manila Philippines
      1668 Batavia Indonesia
      1818 Sumatra Island Indonesia

      East Asia

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1590 Nagasaki Japan Alessandro Valignano The Jesuits in Nagasaki established The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan and printed a number of books in romanised Japanese language.
      1833[65] Macao China The first presses were imported by Western priests for their missionary work from Europa and America. The earliest known, an albion press, was set up in the Portuguese colony Macao and later moved to Canton and Ningbo.[65]
      1883[66] Seoul Korea Inoue Kakugoro (Japanese) The first printing press was imported from Japan for publishing Korea's first Korean-language newspaper Hansong Sunbo. After the press was destroyed by conservatists, Inoue returned with a new one from Japan, reviving the paper as a weekly under the name Hansong Chubo. Presses were also established in Seoul in 1885, 1888 and 1891 by Western missionaries.[66] However, the earliest printing press was apparently introduced by the Japanese in the treaty port of Pusan in 1881 to publish Korea's first newspaper, the bilingual Chosen shinpo.[67]

      Middle East

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1610 Ehden Lebanon St Anthony of Kozhaya monastery
      1636 New Julfa, Isfahan Persia Khachatur Kesaratsi, Armenian The first book printed here was Սաղմոս ի Դավիթ (Saghmos i Davit - Psalter) in Armenian
      1820 Tehran Persia
      Tabriz Persia

      North America

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1638 Cambridge USA Stephen Daye, Samuel Green (from 1649)
      1686 Philadelphia USA William Bradford
      1693 New York USA William Bradford
      1735 Germantown USA Christoph Sauer
      1752 Halifax Canada John Bushell The Halifax Gazette, Canada's first newspaper was published initially in this year.
      1828 New Echota, Arkansas USA Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) Boudinot published the Cherokee Phoenix as first newspaper of the tribe.
      1846 San Francisco USA
      1853 Oregon USA
      1858 Vancouver Island Canada

      Australia & Oceania

      Date City Country Printer Comment
      1795 ? Australia
      1802 Sydney Australia George Howe
      1818 Hobart, Tasmania Australia
      1818 Tahiti French Polynesia
      1821 Hawaii Kingdom of Hawaii
      1835 Paihia New Zealand William Colenso The first book was a Maori translation of part of the Bible commissioned by the Church Missionary Society: "Ko nga Pukapuka o Paora te Apotoro ki te Hunga o Epeha o Piripai" (The Epistles of St Paul to the Philippians and the Ephesians).
      1836 Maui Kingdom of Hawaii
      ↑Jump back a section

      See also

      ↑Jump back a section

      References

      1. ^ Weber 2006, p. 387:
        At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.
      2. ^ E. L. Eisenstein: "The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe", Cambridge, 1993 pp. 13–17, quoted in: Angus Maddison: "Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity", Washington 2005, p.17f.
      3. ^ Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976): "The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800", London: New Left Books, quoted in: Anderson, Benedict: "Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo", Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp. 58f.
      4. ^ Suraiya Faroqhi, Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire, pp, 134-136, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1-85043-760-2, ISBN 978-1-85043-760-4;The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid, Clifford Edmund Bosworth
      5. ^ Watson 1968, p. 435; Clogg 1979, p. 67
      6. ^ Krek 1979, p. 203
      7. ^ a b Angus Maddison: Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity, Washington 2005, p.65
      8. ^ Bolza 1967; Gerhardt 1971; Gerhardt 1978, p. 217
      9. ^ The main source is Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition, 1888–1890, entry "Buchdruckerkunst (Ausbreitung der Erfindung)"
      10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue". British Library. Retrieved 27 August 2011. 
      11. ^ a b Fernand Braudel, "Civilization & Capitalism, 15–18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life", William Collins & Sons, London 1981
      12. ^ World Association of Newspapers: "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
      13. ^ a b c Wydra 1987, p. 89
      14. ^ Joachim Köhler (ed.): Geschichte des christlichen Lebens im schlesischen Raum, LIT Verlag Münster, 2002, ISBN 978-3-8258-5007-4, p.  404
      15. ^ a b c d e Dal 1987, p. 37
      16. ^ a b Wydra 1987, pp. 88f.
      17. ^ a b c d e f g h Borsa 1976, p. 313
      18. ^ Helmut Schippel: Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in: Uta Lindgren (Hrsg.): Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Berlin 2001, p.540f. ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
      19. ^ David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, p241, 1996, ISBN 0-300-06883-2
      20. ^ Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
      21. ^ Borsa 1976, p. 314
      22. ^ Borsa 1977, pp. 166–169
      23. ^ "Dirk Martens Website" (in Dutch). 
      24. ^ a b Borsa 1987, p. 104
      25. ^ a b c Borsa 1987, p. 107
      26. ^ Wydra 1987, p. 88
      27. ^ a b c The European Library
      28. ^ E. Urbánková, Soupis prvotisků českého původu. Praha: SK ČSR 1986
      29. ^ a b Blake 1978, p. 43
      30. ^ Dal 1987, pp. 37f.
      31. ^ a b Horch 1987, p. 125
      32. ^ a b c d Horch 1987, p. 132
      33. ^ "Scottish Book Trade Index (SBTI)". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2008-03-30. "In September 1507, with Walter Chepman, [Andrew Myllar] received letters patent from James IV of Scotland allowing them to set up the first printing-press in Scotland." [dead link]
      34. ^ "1508 - Earliest dated Scottish book". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2008-03-30. 
      35. ^ "500 Years of Scottish Printing". Scottish Printing Archival Trust. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
      36. ^ "The Spread of Scottish Printing". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
      37. ^ I. Bianu, Psaltirea Scheiana, Bucharest, 1889
      38. ^ Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 684
      39. ^ Borsa 1987, p. 106
      40. ^ a b Kvaran 1997, p. 140
      41. ^ a b Appel 1987, p. 95
      42. ^ Appel 1987, p. 97
      43. ^ Appel 1987, pp. 96ff.
      44. ^ Mykhailo Dashkovych (3 March 1998). "IVAN FEODOROV RESTORED BOOK-PRINTING IN LVIV Books had been printed in the city 100 years earlier". The Day. Retrieved 2013-01-28. 
      45. ^ Tartu Ülikooli trükikoda 1632–1710: Ajalugu ja trükiste bibliograafia = Druckerei der Universität Dorpat 1632–1710: Geschichte und Bibliographie der Druckschriften. Ene-Lille Jaanson (ed.). Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogu. 2000. ISBN 9985-874-14-5. 
      46. ^ Armenology Research National Center
      47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hensley C. Woodbridge & Lawrence S. Thompson, "Printing in Colonial Spanish America", Troy, N.Y., Whitson Publishing Company, 1976, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, "The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America", Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277–305 (278)
      48. ^ a b "Margarete Rehm: Information und Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart" (in German). 
      49. ^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, "Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books: Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain: 1539–1700", Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 (1997): 71–72, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, "The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America", Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277–305 (296)
      50. ^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, "Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books: Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain: 1539–1700", Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 (1997): 73&76, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, "The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America", Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277–305 (279)
      51. ^ Pedro Guibovich, "The Printing Press in Colonial Peru: Production Process and Literary Categories in Lima, 1584–1699", Colonial Latin American Review 10, No. 2 (2001): 173, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, "The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America", Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277–305 (296)
      52. ^ Brown University: Impressão Régia in Rio de Janeiro
      53. ^ Ferdinand Geldner, Die Deutschen Inkunabeldrucker, Vol. 2, Stuttgart, 1970, p. 314, quoted in: Man 2002
      54. ^ History of Science-Printing, accessed 2009/05/04
      55. ^ , "Early Cape Printing 1796–1802", South African Library Reprint Series, No. 1, South African Library, Cape Town, (1971)
      56. ^ SH Steinberg, "Five Hundred Years of Printing", Pengiun Books, Middlesex, (1955) 2nd ed. 1961, p.214
      57. ^ a b , "South Africa in Print", Book Exhibition Committee van Riebeeck Festival, Cape Town, (1952), facing p.157 p.160
      58. ^ Lewin Robinson, A.M. (1979). From Monolith to Microfilm: a story of the recorded word. Cape Town: South African Library. p. 37. ISBN 0-86968-020-X. 
      59. ^ a b Moritz 1979, pp. 269–276
      60. ^ Printing in Goa
      61. ^ a b Naim A. Güleryüz, Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla - Türk Yahudileri, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p.90 ISBN 978-9944-994-54-5
      62. ^ Watson 1968, p. 436; Clogg 1979, p. 67
      63. ^ a b Watson 1968, p. 436
      64. ^ a b Clogg 1979, p. 67
      65. ^ a b Reed, Christopher A.: Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver 2005, ISBN 0-7748-1041-6, pp. 25–87 (69)
      66. ^ a b McGovern 1967, pp. 21–23
      67. ^ Altman 1984, pp. 685–696
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      Sources

      • Altman, Albert A. (1984), "Korea's First Newspaper: The Japanese Chosen shinpo", The Journal of Asian Studies 43 (4): 685–696 
      • Appel, Klaus (1987), "Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Russland in der literaturfähigen Nationalsprache", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 62: 95–103 
      • Blake, Normann F. (1978), "Dating the First Books Printed in English", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 43–50 
      • Bolza, Hans (1967), "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine", Technikgeschichte 34 (1): 79–89 
      • Borsa, Gedeon (1976), "Druckorte in Italien vor 1601", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 311–314 
      • Borsa, Gedeon (1977), "Drucker in Italien vor 1601", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 166–169 
      • Borsa, Gedeon (1987), "Die volkssprachigen Drucke im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert in Ungarn", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 62: 104–108 
      • Clogg, Richard (1979), "An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779", International Journal of Middle East Studies 10 (1): 67–70 
      • Dal, Erik (1987), "Bücher in dänischer Sprache vor 1600", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 62: 37–46 
      • Gerhardt, Claus W. (1971), "Warum wurde die Gutenberg-Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst?", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 43–57 
      • Gerhardt, Claus W. (1978), "Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 212–217 
      • Horch, Rosemarie Erika (1987), "Zur Frage des ersten in portugiesischer Sprache gedruckten Buches", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 62: 125–134 
      • Krek, Miroslav (1979), "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 38 (3): 203–212 
      • Kvaran, Gudrun (1997), "Die Anfänge der Buchdruckerkunst in Island und die isländische Bibel von 1584", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 72: 140–147 
      • Man, John (2002), The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, London: Review, ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9 
      • McGovern, Melvin (1967), "Early Western Presses in Korea", Korea Journal: 21–23 
      • Moritz, Walter (1979), "Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Südwestafrika/Namibia", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 269–276 
      • Watson, William J. (1968), "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula", Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (3): 435–441 
      • Wydra, Wieslaw (1987), "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 62: 88–94 
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