German submarine U-68 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 20 April 1940 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 987, launched on 22 October and commissioned on 1 January 1941 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Karl-Friedrich Merten as part of 2nd U-boat Flotilla.
 U-505, a typical Type IXC boat
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| History | |
|---|---|
 Nazi Germany | |
| Name | U-68 |
| Ordered | 7 August 1939 |
| Builder | DeSchiMAG AG Weser, Bremen |
| Yard number | 987 |
| Laid down | 20 April 1940 |
| Launched | 22 October 1940 |
| Commissioned | 11 February 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk 10 April 1944 north-west of Madeira, Portugal. 56 dead and 1 survivor[1] |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type IXC submarine |
| Displacement | |
| Length |
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| Beam |
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| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) |
| Installed power |
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| Propulsion |
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| Speed |
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| Range |
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| Test depth | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 44 enlisted 48 to 56 |
| Armament |
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| Service record | |
| Part of: |
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| Identification codes: | M 00 412 |
| Commanders: |
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| Operations: |
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| Victories: | |
U-68 conducted ten combat patrols, sinking 32 merchant ships, for a total of 197,453 gross register tons (GRT); she also sank one auxiliary warship of 545 GRT. She was a member of one wolfpack.
On 10 April 1944, during her tenth patrol, she was sunk northwest of Madeira by US aircraft from the escort carrier Guadalcanal.
Design edit
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-68 had a displacement of 1,120 tonnes (1,100 long tons) when at the surface and 1,232 tonnes (1,213 long tons) while submerged.[2] The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 metric horsepower (740 kW; 990 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).[2]
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph).[2] When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,450 nautical miles (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-68 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.[2]
Service history edit
First patrol edit
U-68 left Kiel on 30 June 1941 for the Atlantic Ocean via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. She was unsuccessfully attacked with 24 depth charges by the British corvette Rhododendron west northwest of Cape Finisterre in Spain.[3] She docked at her new base at Lorient, on the French Atlantic coast, on 1 August. She would be based there for the rest of her career.
Second patrol edit
Heading for the south Atlantic, the boat came across Silverbelle southwest of the Canary Islands and sank her on 22 September 1941. On 28 September she was involved in an action in Tarrafal Bay, Cape Verde islands, but escaped unscathed. The following month she sank RFA Darkdale while the ship was at anchor off Jamestown, Saint Helena on 22 October. Her third victim, Hazelside, was destroyed on the 28th, 600 nmi (1,100 km; 690 mi) southeast of Saint Helena. U-68 also sank Bradford City west of South West Africa (now Namibia) on 1 November. The U-boat collided with the stricken ship while diving underneath her. The submarine's bow was bent.
Nevertheless, the submarine returned to Lorient on 25 December.
Third patrol edit
U-68's third sortie was also conducted off the west coast of Africa. She sank Helenus on 3 March 1942 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) south of Freetown in Sierra Leone, followed by Baluchstan on the eighth. The boat's crew were kept busy, sinking Baron Newlands on the 16th and Ile de Batz on the 17th; all the vessels met their end in the vicinity of Liberia.
She also sank Scottish Prince about 180 nmi (330 km; 210 mi) west of Takoradi in Gold Coast[4] and Allende, both on the 17th.
U-68 had turned for home when she sank Muncaster Castle with two torpedoes south southwest of Monrovia.[4] More than ten lifeboats were seen by the Germans; there were 329 survivors.
Fourth patrol edit
For her fourth patrol U-68 moved to the Caribbean Sea, leaving Lorient on 14 May 1942. On the night of 5 June she sank MV C.O. Stillman, which at 13,006 GRT was then the world's largest oil tanker.
On the night of 10 June, northeast of the Panama Canal, she torpedoed the 8,581 GRT British freighter Surrey. 5,000 tons of dynamite in the cargo detonated after the ship sank. The shock wave lifted the U-boat out of the water as if she had been hit herself; both diesel engines and the gyrocompass were disabled.[5]
Another victim was Port Montreal. She was sunk with what Merten noted in the boat's war diary as a lucky [torpedo] hit.
In all, U-68 sank seven ships during this patrol before returning to Lorient on 10 July.
Fifth patrol edit
The submarine left Lorient on her fifth patrol on 20 August 1942. She would not see her base again until December. At 109 days, this was to be her longest and most successful sally. Heading once more into the South Atlantic, she attacked and sank Trevilley east northeast of Ascension Island on 12 September. The Master and Chief Officer were taken prisoner.
She travelled further south, sinking ships such as Gasterkerk on 8 October and Sarthe on the same date, both in the area of the Cape of Good Hope. She also disposed of Belgian Fighter on the ninth.
Turning for home on 16 October, she sank City of Cairo on 6 November. U-68 returned a month later to Lorient on December 6.
Sixth patrol edit
The boat's sixth patrol in the first half of 1943 was again to northern South America. Having sunk two ships, she was attacked by a US Mariner flying boat on 2 April; damage was slight.
Seventh and eighth patrols edit
U-68 was attacked by one of four British De Havilland Mosquitos on the western edge of the Bay of Biscay on 14 June 1943. One man was killed, three were wounded
Patrol number eight was relatively uneventful.
Ninth patrol edit
The boat returned to her most successful hunting ground - the South Atlantic. In another mammoth patrol (107 days), she sank four more ships.
One of them, the Norwegian tanker Litiopa, had numerous torpedoes and rounds from the deck gun fired at her, but stubbornly refused to succumb. Having been initially encountered at night on 21 October 1943, it was not until the following day that she sank.
The Litiopa's sole escort was the mine-sweeping trawler HMS Orfasy. She was sunk relatively easily on 21 October before the attack on the tanker.
The other two ships were New Columbia, (sunk southwest of Bingerville, Ivory Coast) on 31 October and the French Fort de Vaux on 30 November. The latter vessel met her end after 'Aphrodite' radar decoys had been used to lure the escort vessels away.
U-68's inbound route took her close to the northwest Spanish coast. She docked at Lorient on 23 December 1943.
Tenth patrol and loss edit
The boat left Lorient for the last time on 22 March 1944. On 10 April, she was sunk at position 33°24′N 18°59′W / 33.400°N 18.983°W, northwest of the Portuguese island of Madeira, by depth charges and rockets from Grumman Avenger and Grumman Wildcat aircraft from the United States escort carrier Guadalcanal.
56 men died; there was one survivor, who was the lookout left top-side when the submarine crash-dived in an attempt to avoid attack.[6]
Wolfpacks edit
U-68 took part in one wolfpack, namely:
- Eisbär (25 August - 1 September 1942)
Summary of raiding history edit
| Date | Ship | Nationality | Tonnage[Note 1] | Fate[7] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 September 1941 | Silverbelle |  United Kingdom
|
5,302 | Sunk |
| 22 October 1941 | Darkdale |  United Kingdom
|
8,145 | Sunk |
| 28 October 1941 | Hazelside | United Kingdom
|
5,297 | Sunk |
| 1 November 1941 | Bradford City | United Kingdom
|
4,953 | Sunk |
| 3 March 1942 | Helenus | United Kingdom
|
7,366 | Sunk |
| 8 March 1942 | Baluchistan | United Kingdom
|
6,992 | Sunk |
| 16 March 1942 | Baron Newlands | United Kingdom
|
3,386 | Sunk |
| 17 March 1942 | Allende | United Kingdom
|
5,081 | Sunk |
| 17 March 1942 | Ile de Batz | United Kingdom
|
5,755 | Sunk |
| 17 March 1942 | Scottish Prince | United Kingdom
|
4,917 | Sunk |
| 30 March 1942 | Muncaster Castle | United Kingdom
|
5,853 | Sunk |
| 5 June 1942 | L.J. Drake |  United States
|
6,693 | Sunk |
| 5 June 1942 | C.O. Stillman |  Panama
|
13,006 | Sunk |
| 10 June 1942 | Ardenvohr | United Kingdom
|
5,025 | Sunk |
| 10 June 1942 | Port Montreal | United Kingdom
|
5,882 | Sunk |
| 10 June 1942 | Surrey | United Kingdom
|
8,581 | Sunk |
| 15 June 1942 | Frimaire |  Free France
|
9,242 | Sunk |
| 23 June 1942 | Arnaga | Panama
|
2,345 | Sunk |
| 12 September 1942 | Trevilley | United Kingdom
|
5,296 | Sunk |
| 15 September 1942 | Breedijk |  Netherlands
|
6,861 | Sunk |
| 8 October 1942 | Gaasterkerk | Netherlands
|
8,679 | Sunk |
| 8 October 1942 | Koumoundouros |  Greece
|
3,598 | Sunk |
| 8 October 1942 | Sarthe | United Kingdom
|
5,271 | Sunk |
| 8 October 1942 | Swiftsure | United States
|
8,207 | Sunk |
| 9 October 1942 | Belgian Fighter |  Belgium
|
5,403 | Sunk |
| 9 October 1942 | Examelia | United States
|
4,981 | Sunk |
| 6 November 1942 | City of Cairo[8] | United Kingdom
|
8,034 | Sunk |
| 13 March 1943 | Ceres | Netherlands
|
2,680 | Sunk |
| 13 March 1943 | Cities Service Missouri | United States
|
7,506 | Sunk |
| 21 October 1943 | HMT Orfasy |  Royal Navy
|
545 | Sunk |
| 22 October 1943 | Litiopa |  Norway
|
5,356 | Sunk |
| 31 October 1943 | New Columbia | United Kingdom
|
6,574 | Sunk |
| 30 November 1943 | Fort de Vaux | Free France
|
5,186 | Sunk |
| Total amount of tonnage: | 197,998 gross register tons | |||
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement.
Citations edit
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-68". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d Gröner 1991, p. 68.
- ^ The Times Atlas of the World, 1995, p. 15
- ^ a b The Times Atlas of the World, 1995, p. 48
- ^ Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-boat War: The Hunters, 1939–1942. Random House. p. not cited. ISBN 0-394-58839-8.
- ^ Wise Jr, James (2013). Sole Survivors of the Sea. New York: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612513652.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-68". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ "Record dive rescues $50m wartime silver from ocean floor". BBC News. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Bibliography edit
- Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
- Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
- Gröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
- Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942 – 1945. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64033-9.
- Dunmore, Spencer (2002). Lost Subs: From the Hunley to the Kursk. The Greatest Submarines Ever Lost – and Found. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81140-5.
- Morisson, Samuel (1956). The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. X. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. OCLC 768913584.
- Jones, Moira (1995). The Times Atlas of the World (Third, revised ed.). ISBN 0-7230-0809-4.
External links edit
- "U-68". U-boat Archive. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-68". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- Hofmann, Markus. "U 68". Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 December 2014.