Georgy Ivanovich Chulkov (Russian: Гео́ргий Ива́нович Чулко́в, IPA: [ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ tɕʊlˈkof] ⓘ; February 1 [O.S. January 20] 1879 – January 1, 1939) was a Russian Symbolist poet, editor, writer and critic. In 1906 he created and popularized the theory of Mystical Anarchism.
Biography edit
Chulkov was born in Moscow in the family of an impoverished Tambov nobleman. He studied medicine at Moscow University in 1898–1901. After joining a revolutionary student organization, he was arrested in December 1901 and exiled to Amga in the Yakutsk region of Siberia. He was amnestied in 1903 and was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod, where he lived for a year. In 1904 Chulkov moved to St. Petersburg and became the de facto editor of Novy Put' (New Path), a literary magazine published by Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius. When the publication of Novy Put' was suspended in January 1905 during the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Chulkov moved to Voprosy Zhizni (Problems of Life), its replacement, where he worked with its editors Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov and Nikolai Lossky until it folded in December 1905.
In 1906, Chulkov edited Fakely (Torches), an anthology of Symbolist writing, which called on Russian writers to:
Later in the year Chulkov followed up with a "Mystical Anarchism" manifesto. Russian poets Alexander Blok and especially Vyacheslav Ivanov were supportive of the new movement while Valery Bryusov, the editor of the leading Symbolist magazine Vesy (The Balance), and Andrei Bely were opposed to it.
Chulkov published a number of novels, poems and short story collections between 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he joined the Russian army. After the war and the Russian Civil War that followed, Chulkov returned to writing, but found it difficult to publish poetry and fiction under the new Soviet regime: for example, his unpublished poems made fun of Marxism.[2] After 1922 he concentrated on literary criticism and Russian history. Between 1925 and 1939 he published books about the Decembrist revolt, Fyodor Tyutchev, Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Don Quixote and the Romanov dynasty in the nineteenth century.
Georgy Chulkov died in 1939 from emphysema. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Works edit
Novels edit
- Satana (Satan), 1914, 185p.
- Serezha Nestroev, 1916, 182p.
- Metel', 1917, 190p.
Collections edit
- Kremnistyj put', 1904, 141p.
- Vesnoyu na sewer, 1908, 86p.
- Lyudi v tumane, 1916, 177p.
- Vchera i segodnya, 1916, 166p.
- Posramlenye besy, 1921, 127p.
- Nashi sputniki, 1922, 199p.
- Stihotvoreniya (Poems), Moscow, Zadruga, 1922, 112p.
- Vechernie zori: rasskazy, Moscow, Zemlya i fabrika, 1924, 91p.
- Valtasarovo tsarstvo (Balthazar's kingdom, reprint collection), Moscow, Respublika, 1998, ISBN 5-250-02491-2, 607p.
Non-fiction edit
- O misticheskom anarkhizme, 1906, 57p.
- English translation: On Mystical Anarchism in Russian Titles for the Specialist no. 16, Letchworth, Prideaux P., 1971.
- English translation: On Mystical Anarchism in A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of value in Russia, 1890-1924, ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. Fordham, 1990, pp. 175–186.
- Demons and Modern Life in Apollon, nos. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1914.
- English translation in: A Picasso Anthology: Documents, Criticism, Reminiscences, ed. Marilyn McCully, Princeton, 1982, p. 104-106.
- Nashi sputniki: Literaturnye ocherki, Moscow, 1922.
- Myatezhniki 1825 goda, Moscow, 1925.
- Imperatory, 1928, 366p.
- Reprint edition: Imperatory Rossii: psikhologicheskie portrety, Moscow, Slovo, ISBN 5-85050-657-8, 377p.
- French translation: Les derniers tsars autocrates: Paul Ier, Alexandre Ier, Nicolas Ier, Alexandre II, Alexandre III, Paris, Payot, 1928, 376p.
- Posledniya lyubov' Tyutcheva (E.A. Denis'eva) (Tyutchev's Last Love (E.A. Denis'eva)), 1928, 133p.
- Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestwa F.I. Tyutcheva, Moscow, 1933.
- Don Kihot (Don Quixote), 1935, 109p.
- Zhizn' Pushkina (Life of Pushkin), Moscow, Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1938.
- Reprint edition: Zhizn' Pushkina, Moscow, Nash dom—L’Age d’Homme, 1999, ISBN 5-89136-021-7, 364p.
- Kak rabotal Dostoevsky (How Dostoyevsky Worked), Moscow, Sovetsky Pisatel, 1939, 335p.
- Tiutcheviana : epigrammy, aforizmy i ostroty F.I. Tiutcheva, Oxford, Willem A. Meeuws, 1976, ISBN 0-902672-21-5
Autobiography edit
- Gody stranstvij (Годы странствий, Years of Wanderings), 1930, 397p.
- Reprint edition, Chulkov's stories added: Moscow, Ellis Lak, 1999, ISBN 5-88889-035-9, 861p.
Notes edit
- ^ Joan Delaney Grossman. "Rise and Decline of the 'Literary' journal: 1880-1917" in Literary Journals in Imperial Russia, ed. Deborah A. Martinsen, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-57292-4, p. 186.
- ^ L.A. Sugaj. Georgy Chulkov i ego poema "Rus'", Vestnik slavyanskih kul'tur No. 1, Moscow, GASK, 2000, pp. 67–68.
References edit
- L.A. Sugaj. Georgy Chulkov i ego poema "Rus'", Vestnik slavyanskih kul'tur No. 1, Moscow, GASK, 2000, p. 66-72. Available online Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. "The Transmutation of the Symbolist Ethos: Mystical Anarchism and the Revolution of 1905" in Slavic Review 36, No. 4 (December 1977), pp. 608–627.
- Russian language biography
- Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997, pp. 382–389.