Geminiviridae
| Geminiviridae | |
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| Purified Maize streak virus (MSV) particles stained with uranyl acetate. Size bar indicates 50 nm. | |
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group II (ssDNA) |
| Order: | Unassigned |
| Family: | Geminiviridae |
| Genera | |
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Geminiviruses are plant viruses which have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.
Mastrevirus transmission is via various leafhopper species (e.g. maize streak virus and other African streak viruses are transmitted by Cicadulina mbila), curtoviruses and the only known topocuvirus species, Tomato pseudo-curley top virus, are transmitted by treehopper species (e.g.Tomato pseudo-curley top virus is transmitted by the treehopper Micrutalis malleifera), and begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci.
These viruses are responsible for a significant amount of crop damage worldwide. Epidemics of geminivirus diseases have arisen due to a number of factors, including the recombination of different geminiviruses coinfecting a plant, which enables novel, possibly virulent viruses to be developed. Other contributing factors include the transport of infected plant material to new locations, expansion of agriculture into new growing areas, and the expansion and migration of vectors that can spread the virus from one plant to another.[1]
Virology
The genome can either be a single component between 2500-3100 nucleotides, or, in the case of some begomoviruses, two similar-sized components each between 2600 and 2800 nucleotides. They have elongated, geminate capsids with two incomplete T=1 icosahedra joined at the missing vertex. The capsids range in size from 18-20 nm in diameter with a length of about 30 nm. Begomoviruses with two component (i.e. bipartite) genomes have these components separated into two different particles both of which must usually be transmitted together to initiate a new infection within a suitable host cell.
Replication
Geminivirus genomes encode only a few proteins; thus, they are dependent on host cell factors for replication: these include factors such as DNA polymerase - and probably repair polymerases - in order to amplify their genomes, as well as transcription factors. Geminiviruses replicate via a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids. Replication occurs within the nucleus of an infected plant cell. First the single-stranded circular DNA is converted to a double-stranded circular intermediate. This step involves the use of cellular DNA repair enzymes to produce a complementary negative-sense strand, using the viral genomic or plus-sense DNA strand as a template. The next step is the rolling circle phase, where the viral strand is cleaved at a specific site situated within the origin of replication by the viral Rep protein in order to initiate replication.[2] This process in a eukaryotic nucleus can give rise to concatemeric double-stranded forms of replicative intermediate genomes, although double-stranded unit circles can be isolated from infected plants and cells. New single-stranded DNA forms of the virus genome (plus-sense) are probably formed by interaction of the coat protein with replicating DNA intermediates, as genomes lacking a CP gene do not form ssDNA. The ssDNA is packaged into germinate particles in the nucleus. It is not clear if these particles can then leave the nucleus and be transmitted to surrounding cells as virions, or whether ssDNA associated with coat protein and a movement protein is the form of the genome that gets trafficked from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata.[3]
These viruses tend to be introduced into and initially infect differentiated plant cells, via the piercing mouthparts of the vector insect: however, these cells generally lack the host enzymes necessary for DNA replication, making it difficult for the virus to replicate. To overcome this block geminiviruses can induce plant cells to reenter the cell cycle from a quiescent state so that viral replication can occur.[4]
Taxonomy
Geminiviridae includes the following genera:
- Genus Becurtovirus; type species: Beet curly top Iran virus
- Genus Begomovirus; type species: Bean golden mosaic virus
- Genus Curtovirus; type species: Beet curly top virus
- Genus Eragrovirus; type species: Eragrostis curvula streak virus
- Genus Mastrevirus; type species: Maize streak virus
- Genus Topocuvirus; type species: Tomato pseudo-curly top virus
- Genus Turncurtovirus; type species: Turnip curly top virus
Several additional genera have been proposed: Baminivirus, Nimivirus and Niminivirus.[5]
References
- ^ Gray and Banerjee; Banerjee, N (1999). "Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 63 (1): 128–148. PMC 98959. PMID 10066833.
- ^ Chasan R (1995). "Geminiviruses: A Twin Approach to Replication". Plant Cell 7 (6): 659–661. doi:10.1105/tpc.7.6.659.
- ^ Gutierrez C (2000). "NEW EMBO MEMBERS' REVIEW: DNA replication and cell cycle in plants: learning from geminiviruses". EMBO 19 (5): 792–799. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.5.792. PMC 305619. PMID 10698921.
- ^ Hanley Bowdoin lab
- ^ Ng TF, Marine R, Wang C, Simmonds P, Kapusinszky B, Bodhidatta L, Oderinde BS, Wommack KE, Delwart E (2012) High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage. J Virol
- ^ Krupovic M, Ravantti JJ, Bamford DH (2009). "Geminiviruses: a tale of a plasmid becoming a virus". BMC Evol Biol 9: 112. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-112. PMID 19460138.
External links
- Description of Plant Viruses
- MicrobiologyBytes: Plant Viruses
- International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- ViralZone: Geminiviridae
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