Ebrié, or Cama (Caman, Kyama, Tchaman, Tsama, Tyama), is spoken by the Tchaman people in Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is a Potou language of the Kwa branch of the Niger–Congo family of languages.
| Ebrié | |
|---|---|
| Cama | |
| Pronunciation | [tʃamã] |
| Native to | Ivory Coast |
| Region | Abidjan |
Native speakers | 150,000 (2017)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ebr |
| Glottolog | ebri1238 |
Phonology edit
Phonemic Inventory edit
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortis, voiceless | pʰ [pʰ] | tʰ [tʰ] | cʰ [cʰ, tʃ] | kʰ [kʰ] | |
| Fortis, voiced | b | d | ɟ [ɟ, dʒ] | g | gb [g͡b] |
| Lenis, voiceless | p | t | c | k | kp [k͡p] |
| Lenis, voiced | ɓ [ɓ, m] | ɗ [ɗ, l, r, n] | j [j, ɲ] | w [w, ŋʷ] | |
| Fricatives | f/ (v) | s/(z) | h [x, h] |
The sounds [v] and [z] are marginal and occur only in loanwords.[2]
| Oral | Nasal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | ||||
| Mid | e | o | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ | ||
| Open | ɛ | a | ɔ | ã | ||
There are no nasal consonant phonemes in Ebrié. Instead, the nasal vowels cause the voiced lenis consonant series [ɓ, ɗ, j, w] to assimilate into [m, n, ɲ, ŋʷ].[2]
Tones edit
Ebrié has two level tones (H and L) and a falling tone (HL).[3] It also has floating tones, and the voiced fortis consonants have a tendency to lower the pitch of the low tone.[2]
Morphology edit
Nominal Prefixes edit
The noun class prefixes in Ebrié distinguish between certain homophones and between singular and plural forms. Originally, this system would have been more robust, as seen in other Niger-Congo languages.[2]
The four nominal prefixes are á-, à-, ɛ̃́-, and ɛ̃̀-. The latter two, which are nasal vowels, can also be realized as syllabic nasals, transcribed as ɴ́- and ɴ̀- but written orthographically as <n>.[2]
| Prefix | Noun | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| á- | áɓókʰà̃ | fog |
| à- | àlɔ̀kpɔ̀ | water turtle |
| ɛ̃́-, ɴ́- | ɴ́cʰwè | bone |
| ɛ̃̀-, ɴ̀- | ɴ̀tʰè | father |
The second noun in a compound retains its prefix, as shown below.
- cámã́ 'the Ebriés' + ńcã̀ 'language' → cámã́ǹcã̀ 'Ebrié language'
- átɛ̃̀ 'fire' + ńtʰù 'sand' → ńtɛ̃̀ǹtʰù 'ash'[4]
Plural Nouns edit
Nouns can be made plural through the use of nominal prefixes or plural suffixes. Certain nouns are irregular or invariable.[5]
When a singular noun begins with the prefix á- or à-, its plural form will have the prefix ń- or ǹ- respectively. If a singular noun lacks a prefix, it will often have the prefix ń- in the plural. Other nouns take one of the plural suffixes -má̃, -hɔ̃̀, or -má̃hɔ̀̃.[5]
- áyá /ájá/ 'tree' → ńyá /ńjá/ 'trees'
- agban /àg͡bã́/ 'plate' → ngbán /ǹg͡bã́/ 'plates
- lalabhô [làlàɓô] 'duck' → ńlalabho [ńlàlàɓô] 'ducks'
- mmanhɔn [m̀mã̀hɔ̀̃] 'mothers'
- nmyahɔn [ǹmjã̂hɔ̃̀] 'spouses'[5]
Subject Pronouns edit
In Ebrié, tense/aspect/mood markers are found on the verb or as separate morphemes if the subject is a noun or a plural subject pronoun. The singular subject pronouns merge with the TAM markers, resulting in morphophonemic changes.[3]
For exampleː
mɛ̃̀ (1SG) + ɓâ (FUT) → mã̀ã́ (1SG.FUT)[3]
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | mɛ̃̀ | lò |
| 2 | ɛ̀ | ɔ̃́ |
| 3 | ã̀ | wò |
Syntax edit
Ebrié is a SVO language, as seen in the following example.
jàjó étʰà kpã́hɔ̃̀
Yayo chew.PROG bread
'Yayo eats bread.'[3]
Orthography edit
| Symbol | IPA | Example | Transcription | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | áyá | /ájá/ | tree |
| an | /ã/ | áphán | /ápʰã́/ | smell |
| b | /b/ | bɔ | /bɔ̀/ | toad |
| bh | /ɓ/ | ábhwe | /áɓwè/ | canari |
| c | /c/ | kɔcɛn | /kɔ̀cɛ̃̀/ | bird |
| ch | /cʰ/ | chralá | [cʰràlá] | pangolin |
| d | /d/ | du | /dù/ | snake |
| e | /e/ | ńné | [ńné] | yam |
| ɛ | /ɛ/ | ádɛ́ | /ádɛ́/ | palm tree |
| ɛn | /ɛ̃/ | átɛn | /átɛ̃̀/ | fire |
| f | /f/ | áfɔn | [áfɔ̃̀] | branch |
| g | /g/ | gwe | /gwè/ | sea |
| gb | /g͡b/ | agbu | /àg͡bù/ | rifle |
| h | /h/ | áhɔn | /áhɔ̃̀/ | axe |
| i | /i/ | ḿbi | [ḿbì] | leaf |
| j | /ɟ/ | njɔn | [ǹɟɔ̃̀] | friends |
| k | /k/ | akran | [àkrã̀] | bottle |
| kh | /kʰ/ | ákhɔn | /ákʰɔ̃̀/ | spear |
| kp | /k͡p/ | ákpró | [ák͡pró] | hat |
| l | [l, ɗ] | álɛ | [álɛ̀] | tongue |
| m | [m] | mɛn | [mɛ̃̀] | I |
| n | [n] | nnwɛ | [nnwɛ̀] | snail |
| o | /o/ | ákhokho | /ákʰòkʰò/ | back |
| ɔ | /ɔ/ | awɔ́ | /àwɔ́/ | cat |
| ɔn | /ɔ̃/ | ácɔn | /ácɔ̃̀/ | fish |
| p | /p/ | ápɔ́ | [ápɔ́] | love |
| ph | /pʰ/ | lephan | [lèpʰã̀] | someone |
| r | [r] | ahran | [àhrã̀] | canoe |
| s | /s/ | sɛ | /sɛ̀/ | man |
| t | /t/ | áta | /átà/ | insult |
| th | /tʰ/ | átha | [átʰà] | war |
| u | /u/ | ńdu | [ńdù] | water |
| v | (v) | nvra | [ǹvrà] | appatam |
| w | /w/ | áwɔ́ | /áwɔ́/ | ten |
| y | /j/ | yɔ | /jɔ̃̀/ | good |
| z | /z/ | nzrɔ | [ǹzrɔ̀] | bag |
The high tone is marked with the acute accent (ájí 'respect'), and the low tone is left unmarked (aji 'clay'). The falling tone is marked with a circumflex (â).[4]
The apostrophe (') is used to mark the habitual form of the verb.[4]
References edit
- ^ Ebrié at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bolê-Richard, Rémy (2018). "Contribution à la phonologie historique du Niger-Congo: vers la reconstruction du Proto-Potou". Linguistique africaine: perspectives croisées (in French). Institut de Phonétique. ISBN 978-29-570-8944-4.
- ^ a b c d e Dido, Yao Maxime (2018). "Les pronoms mɛn, ɛ, an et nkɛ de l'ébrié ː morphophonologie et fonctions syntaxiques". Cahiers Ivoiriens de Recherche Linguistique. 43: 37–48.
- ^ a b c d Bolê-Richard, Rémy (1986). Guide de lecture de l'ébrié (in French). Institut de Linguistique Appliquée. ISBN 9782809101270.
- ^ a b c Meyan, Meyan Djeya Ange Océane (2020), Planning an onomasiological dictionary for Atchan: an endangered language of the Ivory Coast
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