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Ocean currents and climate change edit
As atmospheric temperatures continue to rise, this is anticipated to have various effects on the strength of surface ocean currents, wind-driven circulation and dispersal patterns.[1][2][3] Ocean currents play a significant role in influencing climate, and shifts in climate, in turn, impact ocean currents.[2] Over the last century, reconstructed sea surface temperature data reveal that the western boundary currents are warming at twice the rate of the global average.[4] These observations indicate that the western boundary currents are likely intensifying due to this change in temperature, and may continue to grow stronger in the near future.[2] Studies investigating international ocean current patterns have also suspected that anthropogenic climate change has accelerated upper ocean currents by 77%.[3] Faster upper ocean currents are often associated with increased vertical stratification, as well as faster and stronger zonal currents.[3]
In addition to water surface temperatures, the wind systems are a crucial determinant of ocean currents.[5] Wind wave systems control oceanic heat exchange, the condition of the sea surface, and can alter ocean currents.[6] In the North Atlantic, equatorial Pacific, and Southern Ocean, increased wind speeds as well as significant wave heights have been attributed to climate change and natural processes combined.[6] In the East Australian Current, global warming has also been accredited to increased wind stress curls, which intensify these currents, and may even indirectly increase sea levels, due to the additional warming created by stronger currents.[7]
As ocean circulation changes due to climate, typical distribution patterns are also changing. The dispersal patterns of marine organisms depend on oceanographic conditions, which as a result, influence the biological composition of oceans.[1] Due to the patchiness of the natural ecological world, dispersal is a species survival mechanism for various organisms.[8] With boundary currents moving toward the poles, it is expected that some marine species will be redirected to the poles and greater depths.[1][9]The strengthening or weakening of typical dispersal pathways by increased temperatures are expected to not only impact the survival of native marine species due to inability to replenish their meta populations but also may increase the prevalence of invasive species.[1] In Japanese corals and macroalgae, the unusual strengthened dispersal pattern of organisms toward the poles may destabilize native species.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Wilson, Laura J.; Fulton, Christopher J.; Hogg, Andrew McC; Joyce, Karen E.; Radford, Ben T. M.; Fraser, Ceridwen I. (August 2016). "Climate‐driven changes to ocean circulation and their inferred impacts on marine dispersal patterns". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 (8): 923–939. doi:10.1111/geb.12456. ISSN 1466-822X.
- ^ a b c Miller, Johanna L. (2017). "Ocean currents respond to climate change in unexpected ways". Physics Today. 70 (1): 17–18.
- ^ a b c Peng, Qihua; Xie, Shang-Ping; Wang, Dongxiao; Huang, Rui Xin; Chen, Gengxin; Shu, Yeqiang; Shi, Jia-Rui; Liu, Wei (2022-04-22). "Surface warming–induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents". Science Advances. 8 (16). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj8394. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9020668. PMID 35442733.
- ^ Wu, Lixin; Cai, Wenju; Zhang, Liping; Nakamura, Hisashi; Timmermann, Axel; Joyce, Terry; McPhaden, Michael J.; Alexander, Michael; Qiu, Bo; Visbeck, Martin; Chang, Ping; Giese, Benjamin (March 2012). "Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents". Nature Climate Change. 2 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1038/nclimate1353. ISSN 1758-6798.
- ^ Constantin, Adrian (2021-01-02). "Frictional effects in wind-driven ocean currents". Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. 115 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/03091929.2020.1748614. ISSN 0309-1929.
- ^ a b Dobrynin, Mikhail; Murawski, Jens; Baehr, Johanna; Ilyina, Tatiana (2015-02-15). "Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Signal in Ocean Wind Waves". Journal of Climate. 28 (4): 1578–1591. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00664.1. ISSN 0894-8755.
- ^ Cai, W.; Shi, G.; Cowan, T.; Bi, D.; Ribbe, J. (December 2005). "The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid‐latitude ocean circulation to global warming". Geophysical Research Letters. 32 (23). doi:10.1029/2005GL024701. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ^ Kininmonth, Stuart; Beger, Maria; Bode, Michael; Peterson, Eric; Adams, Vanessa M.; Dorfman, Dan; Brumbaugh, Daniel R.; Possingham, Hugh P. (2011-04-10). "Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation". Ecological Modelling. 222 (7): 1272–1282. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.01.012. ISSN 0304-3800.
- ^ Wernberg, Thomas (November 8, 2011). "Seaweed Communities in Retreat from Ocean Warming" (PDF). Current Biology. 21 (21): 1828–1832.
- ^ Kumagai, Naoki H.; García Molinos, Jorge; Yamano, Hiroya; Takao, Shintaro; Fujii, Masahiko; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro (2018-09-04). "Ocean currents and herbivory drive macroalgae-to-coral community shift under climate warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (36): 8990–8995. doi:10.1073/pnas.1716826115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6130349. PMID 30126981.