Child neglect

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Child neglect is defined as:

  1. "the failure of a person responsible for a child’s care and upbringing to safeguard the child’s emotional and physical health and general well-being"[1]
  2. acts of commission, harm to a child may or may not be the intended consequence[2]
  3. a serious form of maltreatment[3]
  4. the persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs resulting in serious impairment of health and/or development.[4]

Child neglect is a form of child maltreatment. Child neglect can be defined as a deficit in meeting a child’s basic needs. Furthermore, child neglect is the failure to provide basic physical health care, supervision, nutrition, emotional nurturing, education or safe housing. Society generally believes there are necessary behaviors a caregiver must provide a child in order for the child to develop (physically, socially, and emotionally). It is important to note that child neglect is how a child and society perceives the parents’ behavior; it is not how the parent believes they are behaving towards their child (Barnett et al., p. 84). It is important to distinguish between parental failure to provide when options are available and when options are not available. Poverty is often an issue and leads parents to not being able to provide. The circumstances and intentionality must be examined before defining behavior as neglectful. Child neglect is the most frequent form of abuse of children. In 2008, the U.S. state and local child protective services received 3.3 million reports of children being abused or neglected. Seventy-one percent of the children were classified as victims of child neglect (“Child Abuse & Neglect”).

Types of Neglect

There are various types of child neglect. Physical neglect refers to the failure to provide a child with basic necessities of life such as food and clothing. Educational/ developmental neglect is the failure to provide a child with experiences for necessary growth and development, such as not sending a child to school or giving him or her an education, where as emotional neglect is failing to provide emotional support such as emotional security and encouragement. Medical neglect is when caregivers do not meet children’s basic health care needs (Barnett et al, p 90).


Concept

Neglect is notoriously difficult to define as there are no clear, cross-cultural standards for desirable or minimally adequate child rearing practices.[5] Research shows that neglect often co-exists with other forms of abuse and adversity.[6][7] While neglect generally refers to the absence of parental care and the chronic failure to meet children’s basic needs, defining those needs has not been straightforward. “Working Together”[8] defines neglect as:

..the persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs, likely to result in the serious impairment of the child’s health or development. Neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse. Once a child is born, neglect may involve a parent or carer failing to provide adequate food, clothing and shelter (including exclusion from home or abandonment); protect a child from physical and emotional harm or danger; ensure adequate supervision (including the use of inadequate care-givers); or ensure access to appropriate medical care or treatment. It may also include neglect of, or unresponsiveness to, a child's basic emotional needs.


Causes

The causes of child neglect are complex and can be attributed to three different levels; an intrapersonal, an inter-personal/family and a social/ecological level.[4] Although the causes of neglect are varied, studies suggest that, amongst other things, parental mental health problems, substance use,[9][10]domestic violence,[11][12] unemployment,[13] and poverty[14] are factors which increase the likelihood of neglect. Children that result from unintended pregnancies are more likely to suffer from abuse and neglect,[15][16] they are also more likely to live in poverty[17]. Neglectful families often experience a variety or a combination of adverse factors.

At the intra-personal level, the discussion around neglectful parent’s characteristics often focuses on mothers, reflecting traditional notions of women as primary caregivers for children.[4][18] "Neglectful attributes" have included an inability to plan, lack of confidence about the future, difficulty with managing money, emotional immaturity, lack of knowledge of children's needs, a large number of children, being a teenage mother, high levels of stress and poor socioeconomic circumstances.[19][20][21][22][23] Mental health problems, particularly depression, have been linked with a parent's inability to meet a child's needs.[24] Likewise, substance misuse is believed to play a crucial role in undermining a parent’s ability to cope with parental responsibilities. While the literature largely focuses on mothers, the role of fathers in neglect as well as the impact of their absence remains largely unexplored. There is still little known about whether mothers and fathers neglect differently and how this affects children. Similarly, not much is known about whether girls and boys experience neglect differently. More research in this area and a gendered analysis of neglect would be useful.

At the inter-personal/family level, a significant number of neglectful families are headed by a lone mother or have a transient male.[25] Unstable and abusive relationships have also been mentioned as increasing the risk of child neglect. The impact of living with domestic violence on children frequently includes either direct violence or forced witnessing of abuse, which is potentially very damaging to children.[26] While the UK Department of Health connects children’s exposure to domestic violence to parents' failure to protect them from emotional harm,[27] the notion of "failure to protect" has been challenged as it focuses primarily on the responsibility of the abused parent, usually the mother, who is often herself at significant risk.[28] A recent reform to the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) has introduced a new offence of causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable adult, thus reinforcing the notion of "failure to protect". Research on domestic violence, however, has consistently shown that supporting the non-abusive parent is good child protection. There is some indication of the cyclical and inter-generational nature of neglect. A study on childhood abuse and later sensitivity to a child’s emotions showed that mothers with a self-reported history of physical abuse had higher indications of insensitivity and lack of attunement to infants’ emotional cues than mothers with no history of abuse.[29] Although the literature suggests that neglectful parents may have been affected adversely by their own past experiences, more research is needed to explore the link between past experiences of maltreatment and neglectful parenting behaviours.[30]

At the social/ecological level, the association between poverty and neglect has frequently been made. The NSPCC maltreatment study supports the association between neglect and lower socio-economic class.[12] US studies have shown that less affluent families are more likely to be found to maltreat their children, particularly in the form of neglect and physical abuse, than affluent families.[31][32] Some argue that many forms of physical neglect, such as inadequate clothing, exposure to environmental hazards and poor hygiene may be directly attributed to poverty[33] whereas others are more cautious in making a direct link.[13] While poverty is believed to increase the likelihood of neglect, it is important to highlight that poverty does not predetermine neglect.[34] Many low-income families are not neglectful but provide loving homes for their children. However, when poverty coexists with other forms of adversity, it can negatively impact parent’s ability to cope with stressors and undermine their capacity to adequately respond to their child's needs. McSherry argues that the relationship between child neglect and poverty should be seen as circular and interdependent.[34]

Effects of Child Neglect

Effects of child neglect can differ depending on the individual and how much treatment is provided, but generally speaking child neglect that occurs in the first two years of a child’s life may be more of an important precursor of childhood aggression compared to later neglect, which may not have as strong a correlation. Children who suffer from neglect most often also have attachment difficulties, cognitive deficits, emotional/ behavioral problems, and physical consequences as a result of neglect. Early neglect has the potential to modify the body’s stress response, specifically cortisol levels (stress hormones) which can cause abnormalities and alter the body’s overall health. Research has shown that there is a relationship between neglect and disturbed patterns of infant-caretaker attachment. If parents lack sensitivity to their baby’s needs, the baby will develop insecure-anxious attachment. The neglectful behavior the child experiences will contribute to their attachment difficulties and formation of relationships in the future, or lack thereof. In addition to biological and social effects, neglect affects intellectual ability and cognitive/academic deficits. Also, children who suffer from child neglect may also suffer from anxiety or impulse-control disorders. Another result of child neglect is what people call “failure to thrive”. Infants who have deficits in growth and abnormal behaviors such as withdrawal, apathy and excessive sleep are failing to thrive, rather than developing to become “healthy” individuals (Barnett et al, p 86).

Who is Reported for Neglecting Children?

In terms of who is reported for neglectful behavior, it is most often women. The higher proportion of females reported for neglect may reflect the social attitude that mothers are responsible for meeting the needs of their children. Neglecting parents interact less with their children, engage in less verbal instruction and play behavior, show less affection and are involved in more negative interactions with their children, for example verbal aggression. Often, parents who neglect their children are single parents or disabled mothers who already have to care for themselves, and therefore the child is an additional stress. This additional stress is often neglected. Family size can contribute to child neglect. If a family has several children, they may not be able to give all the children all the basic necessities needed to survive and thrive. Unfortunately, if the family cannot provide for all their children, children can suffer neglect. Family history can play a role in parents’ neglectful behavior. If parents were neglected as children meaning they learned neglectful behavior from their own parents, they often internalize and believe those behaviors to be the “norm”, which results in neglecting their own children (Barnett et al, p 92).

Programs to Help Child Neglect Decrease

Fortunately, there are early intervention programs and treatments for child neglect. In addition to individual, family, group counseling and social support services, behavioral skills training programs exist to eliminate problematic behavior and teach parents “appropriate” parenting behavior. Programs, such as Triple P, a positive parenting program, works with parents whose children have discernable problems. It is a multi-level, parenting and family support strategy (“Triple P”). Neglectful families often experience multiple problems and deficits, lack of knowledge, skills and resources. If parents are educated on “proper” parenting and given the appropriate resources, it could help decrease the amount of child neglect cases.

See also

References

  1. ^ Anon. "child neglect". YourDictionary.com. LoveToKnow, Corp. http://www.yourdictionary.com/law/child-neglect. Retrieved 29 April 2010. 
  2. ^ Leeb RT; Paulozzi LJ; Melanson C; Simon TR & Arias I (2008-01-01). "Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/CMP/CMP-Surveillance.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-20. 
  3. ^ Bovarnick S (2007). Child neglect. NSPCC child protection research briefing
  4. ^ a b c Turney, D & Tanner, K (2005). Understanding and Working with Neglect. Research in Practice: Every Child Matters Research Briefings 10: 1-8.
  5. ^ Gaudin, J M (1999) Child Neglect: Short-term and Long-term Outcomes. In H Dubowitz (ed) Neglected Children: Research, Practice and Policy. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  6. ^ Daniel, B (2005) Introduction to Issues for Health and Social Care in Neglect. In J Taylor & B Daniel (eds) Child Neglect: Practice Issues for Health and Social Care (11-25). London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  7. ^ Claussen, A & Cicchetti, P (1991) Physical and Psychological Maltreatment: Relations among Types of Maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect 15: 5-18.
  8. ^ Department for Education and Skills (2006) Working Together to Safeguard Children: a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. London: DfES.
  9. ^ Stone B (1998) Child neglect: practitioners' perspectives. Child Abuse Review 7(2): 87-96.
  10. ^ Cleaver H, Unell I & Aldgate J (1999) Children's Needs - Parental Capacity: The Impact of Parental Mental Illness, Problem Alcohol and Drug Use, and Domestic Violence on Children's Development. London: The Stationery Office.
  11. ^ Shepard M & Raschick M (1999) How Child Welfare Workers Assess and Intervene around Issues of Domestic Violence. Child Maltreatment 4:148-156.
  12. ^ a b Cawson P (2002) Child Maltreatment in the Family: The experience of a national sample of young people. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
  13. ^ a b Minty, B & Pattinson, G (1994) The Nature of Child Neglect. British Journal of Social Work 24(6): 733-747.
  14. ^ Thoburn, J, Wilding, J & Watson, J (2000) Family Support in Cases of Emotional Maltreatment and Neglect. London: The Stationary Office.
  15. ^ Lesa Bethea (1999). "Primary Prevention of Child Abuse". American Family Physician. http://www.aafp.org/afp/990315ap/1577.html. 
  16. ^ Eisenberg, Leon; Brown, Sarah Hart (1995). The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-309-05230-0. 
  17. ^ Monea J, Thomas A (June 2011). "Unintended pregnancy and taxpayer spending". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 43: 88–93. doi:10.1363/4308811. PMID 21651707. 
  18. ^ Scourfield, J (2003) Gender and Child Protection. Houndsmills: Palgrave MacMillan.
  19. ^ Coohey, C (1995) Neglectful Mothers, Their Mothers, and Partners: The Significance of Mutual Aid. Child Abuse and Neglect 19 (8): 885-895.
  20. ^ Giovanni, J M & Becerra, R M (1979) Defining Child Abuse. New York: The Free Press.
  21. ^ Mayall, P D & Norgard, K E (1983) Child Abuse and Neglect: Sharing Responsibility. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
  22. ^ Polansky, N A, Chalmers, M A, Buttenwieser, E & Williams D P (1981) Damaged Parents: An Anatomy of Child Neglect. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  23. ^ Thompson, R A (1995) Preventing Child Maltreatment Through Social Support. Thousand Oaks, CA; London; New Delhi: Sage.
  24. ^ Minty, B (2005) The Nature of Emotional Child Neglect and Abuse. In J Taylor & B Daniel (eds) Child Neglect: Practice Issues for Health and Social Care (57-72). London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  25. ^ Stevenson, O (1998) Neglected Children: Issues and Dilemmas. Oxford: Blackwell.
  26. ^ Radford, L & Hester, M (2006). Mothering Through Domestic Violence. London: Jessica Kingsley.
  27. ^ Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. London: The Stationery Office.
  28. ^ Hester, M, Pearson, C & Harwin, N Abrahams, H.' (2006) Making an Impact: Children and Domestic Violence - a Reader. London: Jessica Kingsley
  29. ^ Casanova, G, Domanic, J, McCanne, T & Milner, J (1994) Physiological Responses to Child Stimuli in Mothers with and without a Childhood History of Physical Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect 18: 995-1004.
  30. ^ Harmer, A, Sanderson, J & Mertin, P (1999) Influence of Negative Childhood Experiences on Psychological Functioning, Social Support, and Parenting for Mothers Recovering from Addiction. Child Abuse and Neglect 23: 421–433.
  31. ^ Wolock, I & Horowitz, B (1979) Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation. Social Services Review 53: 175-194.
  32. ^ Sedlak, A J & Broadhurst, D D (1996) Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect, HHS.
  33. ^ Dubowitz, H (1994) Neglecting the neglect of neglect. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9 (4): 556–560.
  34. ^ a b McSherry D (2004) Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Examining the Relationship between Child Neglect and Poverty. British Journal of Social Work 34: 727–733.
Types
Related topics

References

“Child Abuse & Neglect.” Child Welfare Information Gateway. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2012. http://www.childwelfare.gov/aboutus.cfm. Barnett, Ola W., Miller-Perrin, Cindy L., Perrin, Robin D. (2011). Family Violence across the lifespan. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

“Triple P – Positive Parenting Program.” Web. 02 Mar. 2012. http://www5.triplep.net/