Bertha Louise Douglass (January 26, 1895 – February 29, 1980) was an American civil rights activist and lawyer who was the second African American woman admitted to the Virginia State Bar.[1][2][3]
Early life and education edit
Bertha L. Douglass was born in 1895 in Norfolk, Virginia, the daughter of John H. Douglass and Margaret Anne Cornick Douglass. She attended public schools and graduated from Norfolk Mission College in 1915.[4]
Career edit
Law edit
In 1917, Douglass began working as a stenographer for John Eugene Diggs, one of Norfolk's few African American attorneys. Douglass became a Virginia Notary Public in 1919.[5]
Douglass enrolled in the American Correspondence School of Law in 1922. She passed the bar examination in 1926, and became the second African American woman admitted to practice law in Virginia, and the first Black female lawyer in Norfolk.[6][7][8] After becoming a lawyer, Douglass began working as an attorney in Diggs' law firm. In the practice, she specialized in civil law, wills, and federal pension cases.[9]
During the 1930s, Douglass served as president of the Norfolk County Bar Association. During the 1940s, Douglass served two terms as Virginia vice president of the National Association of Women Lawyers. Douglass also served on the board of directors of the Old Dominion Bar Association.[10]
During World War II, Douglass was a volunteer with the all-black Norfolk Auxiliary of the American Red Cross Motor Corps.[4]
In 1949, Douglass opened her own law office.[11] She served as general counsel for the Norfolk Association of Real Estate Brokers, an organization that worked to combat housing discrimination towards African American families. Outside of her law practice, Douglass was the owner and operator of the Eureka Real Estate Company from 1944 to 1974. She retired from practicing law in the late 1970s.[5]
Civil rights activism edit
In the 1940s, Douglass encouraged African American women to register to vote, and was an active member of the Negro Women's Democratic Club of Norfolk. She also assisted African American women with paying poll taxes. Following the 1955 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, Douglass was a signatory to a petition to the Virginia General Assembly and Governor Thomas B. Stanley to desegregate Virginia's public schools.[4]
In 1961, Douglass helped organized sit-ins at three major department stores in Virginia. She worked with the NAACP to support efforts to desegregate department stores.[4]
Death and legacy edit
Douglass died on February 29, 1980, and is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Norfolk.[4] Her name is included on the Virginia Women's Monument wall of honor at the state capitol in Richmond.[5]
References edit
- ^ Wallenstein, Peter (1993). ""These New and Strange Beings": Women in the Legal Profession in Virginia, 1890-1990". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 101 (2): 193–226. ISSN 0042-6636. JSTOR 4249351.
- ^ Matney, William C. (1978). Who's Who Among Black Americans. Who's Who Among Black Americans. ISBN 978-0-915130-16-0.
- ^ "Namesakes of Downing-Gross Cultural Arts Center". Downing-Gross Cultural Arts Center. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ a b c d e Newby-Alexander, Cassandra (2015). "Bertha Louise Douglass (26 January 1895-29 February 1980) Biography". Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ a b c Mazurowski, Maura (October 14, 2019). "Women attorneys saluted as part of Virginia's history" (PDF). Virginia Lawyers Weekly.
- ^ Lewis, Earl (2023-04-28). In Their Own Interests: Race, Class and Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91450-6.
- ^ Parramore, Thomas C.; Stewart, Peter C.; Bogger, Tommy (2000-01-29). Norfolk: The First Four Centuries. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1988-1.
- ^ Smith, John Clay (2000). Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08646-7.
- ^ Smith, John Clay (1999). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1685-1.
- ^ Women Lawyers' Journal. Women Lawyers' Club. 1944.
- ^ Wallenstein, Peter (2013-02-20). Blue Laws and Black Codes: Conflict, Courts, and Change in Twentieth-Century Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2487-8.