An Béal Bocht (The Poor Mouth) is a 1941 novel in Irish by Flann O'Brien, published under the pseudonym "Myles na gCopaleen". It is widely regarded as one of the greatest Irish-language novels of the 20th century. An English translation by Patrick C. Power appeared in 1973. Stan Gebler Davies wrote: "The Poor Mouth is wildly funny, but there is at the same time always a sense of black evil. Only O'Brien's genius, of all the writers I can think of, was capable of that mixture of qualities."[1]
 Cover of the first edition | |
| Author | Myles na gCopaleen |
|---|---|
| Original title | An Béal Bocht |
| Translator | Patrick C. Power |
| Country | Ireland |
| Language | Irish |
| Genre | Satire, Parody |
| Publisher | An Preas Náisiúnta |
Publication date | 1941 |
Published in English | 1973 |
| Media type | Print () |
| Pages | 114 |
| ISBN | 0-85342-794-1 |
| OCLC | 31272718 |
| Preceded by | The Third Policeman |
| Followed by | The Hard Life |
Background edit
The book is a kindly parody of the genre of Gaeltacht autobiographies, such as Tomás Ó Criomhthain's autobiography An t-Oileánach (The Islandman), or Peig Sayers' autobiography Peig, which recounts her life, especially the latter half, as a series of misfortunes in which much of her family die by disease, drowning or other mishap. Books of this genre were part of the Irish language syllabus in the Irish school system and so were mandatory reading for generations of children from independence in 1921. O'Nolan was in fact a great admirer of An t-Oileánach, which is widely regarded as being the greatest work of the genre, but critic Declan Kiberd has noted how O'Nolan's admiration for a writer tended to express itself as parody of the writer's work.
The Irish expression "to put on the poor mouth" (Irish: an béal bocht a chur ort) is mildly pejorative and refers to the practice, often associated with peasant farmers, of exaggerating the direness of one's situation, particularly financially, to evoke sympathy, charity and perhaps the forbearance of creditors and landlords or generosity of customers. The title may also be a parody [citation needed] of that of the Irish language reader An Saol Mór (The Great Life)[2] (in Irish, béal and saol are near-rhymes). The title is, perhaps, more likely to be a parody on 'An Béal Beo' (The Living Tongue) by Tomas Ó Máille, published by An Gúm in 1936.
One of the recurring figures of speech in the book is the line from Ó Criomhthain's An t-Oileánach, ...mar ná beidh ár leithéidí arís ann, "...for our likes will not be (seen) again"; variations of it appear throughout An Béal Bocht.[3]
All of O'Nolan's other novels were published under the pseudonym Flann O'Brien; it is the only one for which he used the "Myles na gCopaleen" pseudonym that he was then using for his celebrated Irish Times column Cruiskeen Lawn. (Subsequently, O'Nolan altered the newspaper byline slightly to the more anglicised "Myles na Gopaleen".) Neither is a real Irish surname, however. Both derive from a character named Myles-na-Coppaleen in Dion Boucicault's 1860 play The Colleen Bawn, which, in turn, comes from the Irish na gcapaillín, "of the little horses". As if to confuse matters, the English translation of An Béal Bocht is published as the work of "Flann O'Brien".[4]
Plot edit
An Béal Bocht is set in Corca Dhorcha, (Corkadoragha, Corkadorkey) (a parody of Irish: Corca Dhuibhne, the name for the Dingle Peninsula), a remote region of Western Ireland where it never stops raining, everyone lives in desperate poverty (and always will), while also talking in "the learned smooth Gaelic". It is a memoir of one Bónapárt Ó Cúnasa (Bonaparte O'Coonassa), a resident of this region, beginning at his very birth. At one point the area is visited by hordes of Gaeilgeoirí (Irish language lovers) from Dublin, who explain that not only should one always speak Irish, but also every sentence one utters in Irish should be about the language question. However, they eventually abandon the area because the poverty is too impoverished, the cultural authenticity is too culturally authentic, and because the dialect of the Irish-language spoken in Corca Dhorcha is far too Irish. The narrator, after a series of bloodcurdling and horrible adventures, is eventually imprisoned on a false murder charge, and there, "safe in jail and free from the miseries of life",[5] finally has the chance to write this most affecting memoir of our times.
Adaptations edit
An adaptation of An Béal Bocht by Sean A O'Briain was performed for the first time in the Damer Theatre, Dublin on 31 January 1967 by An Cumann Gaelach from University College Dublin.[6] It was also part of The University Drama Festival in Galway in February 1967. On Wednesday, 26 July 1967 the play opened in The Peacock Theatre, Dublin and was the very first production in the theatre.[7] It ran for only three days and closed abruptly. Due to a disagreement between Brian O'Nualain's widow and the book publishers The Abbey Theatre decided to pull the play.
The book was adapted for stage by Paul Lee and first presented in the pub An Béal Bocht, Charlemont Street, Dublin, for the Dublin Theatre Festival in 1989, directed by Ronan Smith.[8]
Irish filmmaker Tom Collins adapted and directed an animated version of the book, which was first shown (outside of festivals) on TG4 on Christmas Day 2017 and features the voices of Owen McDonnell and Donncha Crowley. The artwork was done by John McCloskey, whose graphic novel adaptation based on Collins' screenplay was published in 2012 by Cló Mhaigh Eo.[9]
Notes edit
- ^ Flann O'Brien (1941/1974), The Poor Mouth, trans., Patrick C. Power, illus., Ralph Steadman, New York: Viking, back of dust cover, quoting Stan Gebler Davies, Evening Standard.
- ^ Mac Síthigh, T., An Saol Mór: Láimhleabhar Ghnátheolais ar Shaol an Lae Inniu: M.H. Mac an Ghoill agus a Mhac Teo.
- ^ na gCopaleen 1992, p. 9 & passim
- ^ O'Brien 1988, p. 3
- ^ O'Brien 1996, p. 7
- ^ "An Béal Bocht". PlayographyIreland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "An Beal Bocht 1967 (Peacock) | Abbey Archives | Abbey Theatre - Amharclann na Mainistreach". Abbey Theatre.
- ^ "MusicLee.ie". www.musiclee.ie.
- ^ "An Béal Bocht". Cló Mhaigh Eo. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017.
References edit
- na gCopaleen, Myles, An Béal Bocht, Third Edition, Dolmen Press, Dublin, 1964.
- na gCopaleen, Myles (1992), An Béal Bocht, Cork: Mercier Press .
- O'Brien, Flann (1974), The Poor Mouth, translated by Power, Patrick C., illustrated by Steadman, Ralph, New York: Viking
- O'Brien, Flann (1988), The Poor Mouth, translated by Power, Patrick C., London: Paladin, ISBN 0-586-08748-6
- O'Brien, Flann (1996), The Poor Mouth, translated by Power, Patrick C., London: Dalkey Archive Press, ISBN 978-1-56478-091-1
External links edit
- Gaelically Gaelic, essay featuring excerpts Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- Markus, Radvan (2018). “The Prison of Language: Brian O’Nolan, An Béal Bocht, and Language Determinism.” The Parish Review 4.1: 29–38. available in open access