Wikipedia

Alexander Preinfalk

Alexander Preinfalk (6 February 1920 – 12 December 1944) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. Alexander Preinfalk was shot down on 12 December 1944 by an American P-47 over Bruchsal, Germany and died after he bailed out. He was credited with between 78 and 85+ aerial victories.

Alexander Preinfalk
Born6 February 1920
Baku, Azerbaijan
Died12 December 1944(1944-12-12) (aged 24)
Bruchsal
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service?–1944
RankOberfeldwebel
UnitJG 51, JG 77, JG 53
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Career edit

Preinfalk was born on 6 February 1920 in Baku, at the time the capital of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[1] Following flight training,[Note 1] he was briefly posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) in 1941 before he was transferred to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing).[3]

Om 26 March 1943, Preinfalk claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter shot down 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) northeast of El Hamma.[4] On 4 April, he claimed another Spitfire shot, this time 25 kilometers (16 miles) northeast of Maknassy.[5] In June 1943, Preinfalk was posted to 1. Staffel of Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Süd—a supplementary training unit—as a fighter pilot instructor.[3]

Defense of the Reich and death edit

In July 1944, Preinfalk was posted to II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) based in Hustedt in northwestern Germany. The Gruppe under command of Hauptmann Julius Meimberg was fighting in defense of the Reich and largely staffed by inexperienced young pilots. In consequence, Meimberg made Preinfalk a leader of a Schwarm, a flight of four aircraft, within 6. Staffel led by Oberleutnant Alfred Hammer.[6][7]

In early December 1944, II. Gruppe was based at Malmsheim Airfield, flying missions against the fighter-bombers of the USAAF Ninth Air Force.[8] Preinfalk was killed in action on 12 December in aerial combat with a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) southwest of Graben-Neudorf. Although he managed to escape of his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-14/AS (Werknummer 165741—factory number) at low altitude, his parachute failed to fully deploy and he fell to his death.[9][10][11]

Summary of career edit

Aerial victory claims edit

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Preinfalk was credited with 78 aerial victories.[12] Spick also lists him with 78 aerial victories, approximately 50 of which on the Eastern Front with the remaining claims over the Western Allies, claimed in an unknown number combat missions.[13] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 80 aerial victory claims, including 60 claims on the Eastern Front and 30 claims over the Western Allies.[14]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 82121". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[15]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Preinfalk an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in one day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Unit Claim Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[16]
Operation Barbarossa — June – December 1941
1 17 October 1941 11:17 I-16[17] 5./JG 77 2 26 October 1941 14:20 I-15[17] 5./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[16]
March – April 1942
3 19 March 1942 12:02 I-15[18] 5./JG 77 5 27 April 1942 17:30 Yak-1 Yevpatoria[19] 5./JG 77
4 9 April 1942 17:45 I-16[19] 5./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[16]
Kerch, Sevastopol, Izium — May/June 1942
6 9 June 1942 19:30 I-153[20] 5./JG 77 8 13 June 1942 18:31 Il-2[21] 5./JG 77
7 13 June 1942 12:20 MiG-1[21] 5./JG 77 9 14 June 1942 14:52 LaGG-3[21] 5./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Eastern Front –[14]
Summer offensive — 28 June – 7 November 1942
10 6 July 1942 14:30 Boston[22] 5./JG 77 36♠ 6 August 1942 18:08 Pe-2 PQ 82121[23]
65 km (40 mi) northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
11 9 July 1942 18:25 LaGG-3[22] 5./JG 77 37 12 August 1942 05:54 Il-2 PQ 83592[23]
50 km (31 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
12 9 July 1942 18:36 MiG-3[22] 5./JG 77 38 12 August 1942 05:56 Yak-1 PQ 83863[23]
55 km (34 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
13 16 July 1942 14:15 Pe-2[24] 5./JG 77 39 12 August 1942 14:03?[Note 2] MiG-1 PQ 83812[23]
50 km (31 mi) south of Yelets 		5./JG 77
14 16 July 1942 14:20 Pe-2[24] 5./JG 77 40 12 August 1942 14:11 MiG-1 PQ 83532[23]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Yelets 		5./JG 77
15 17 July 1942 18:47 Pe-2[26] 5./JG 77 41 13 August 1942 10:52 Il-2 PQ 83673[27]
30 km (19 mi) south of Yelets 		5./JG 77
16 21 July 1942 18:41 Hurricane[26] 5./JG 77 42 18 August 1942 14:57 MiG-3 PQ 83673[28]
30 km (19 mi) south of Yelets 		5./JG 77
17 21 July 1942 19:16 Hurricane[26] 5./JG 77 43 23 August 1942 10:26 LaGG-3 PQ 92791[28]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Sloboda 		5./JG 77
18 23 July 1942 19:08 Il-2[26] 5./JG 77 44 5 September 1942 17:14 LaGG-3 PQ 82173[28]
65 km (40 mi) east-northeast of Tim 		5./JG 77
19 23 July 1942 19:14 Il-2[26] 5./JG 77 45 5 September 1942 17:20 Il-2 PQ 82151[28]
65 km (40 mi) northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
20 24 July 1942 05:36 LaGG-3[29] 5./JG 77 46 5 September 1942 17:22 LaGG-3 PQ 82121[28]
65 km (40 mi) northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
21 24 July 1942 05:48 LaGG-3[29] 5./JG 77 47 9 September 1942 15:46 Il-2 PQ 82752[30]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Sloboda 		5./JG 77
22 24 July 1942 11:25 Pe-2[29] 5./JG 77 48 13 September 1942 15:00 P-39 PQ 92114[30] 5./JG 77
23 25 July 1942 18:42 Pe-2[29] 5./JG 77 49 15 September 1942 17:03 LaGG-3 PQ 92141[31]
25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
24 26 July 1942 10:31 Il-2[29] 5./JG 77 50 15 September 1942 17:04 LaGG-3 PQ 92143[31]
25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
25 28 July 1942 06:27 MiG-3[32] 5./JG 77 51 17 September 1942 05:51 LaGG-3 PQ 92123[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
26 28 July 1942 18:18 P-39 PQ 92393[32]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Voronezh 		5./JG 77 52 17 September 1942 05:52 LaGG-3 PQ 92154[33]
25 km (16 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
27 29 July 1942 06:51 MiG-1 PQ 93554[32]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Lipetsk 		5./JG 77 53 17 September 1942 05:54 Il-2 PQ 92132[33]
30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
28 31 July 1942 15:45 Il-2 PQ 82194[32]
60 km (37 mi) northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77 54 17 September 1942 05:57 Il-2 PQ 92122[33]
30 km (19 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
29 31 July 1942 15:50 Il-2 PQ 83761[32]
60 km (37 mi) south-southwest of Yelets 		5./JG 77 55 18 September 1942 17:16 MiG-1 PQ 92173[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
30 5 August 1942 08:46 Hurricane PQ 83463[23]
25 km (16 mi) east of Yelets 		5./JG 77 56 18 September 1942 17:19 MiG-1 PQ 92312[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
31♠ 6 August 1942 10:25 Pe-2 PQ 93314[23]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Lipetsk 		5./JG 77 57 18 September 1942 17:24 MiG-1 PQ 92443[33]
25 km (16 mi) east of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
32♠ 6 August 1942 11:11 MiG-1 PQ 83852[23]
60 km (37 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77 58 22 September 1942 15:33 Il-2 PQ 92152[33]
vicinity of Devitsa 		5./JG 77
33♠ 6 August 1942 11:13 MiG-1 PQ 83892[23]
50 km (31 mi) north-northwest of Voronezh 		5./JG 77 59 22 September 1942 15:37 LaGG-3 PQ 92352[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
34♠ 6 August 1942 18:05 Pe-2 PQ 82174[23]
65 km (40 mi) east-northeast of Tim 		5./JG 77 60 1 October 1942 15:38 LaGG-3 PQ 92454[33]
40 km (25 mi) east of Voronezh 		5./JG 77
35♠ 6 August 1942 18:06 Pe-2 PQ 82142[23]
65 km (40 mi) east-northeast of Tim 		5./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Western Front –[25]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — 1 January – May 1943
61?[Note 3] 26 March 1943 10:37 Spitfire 28 km (17 mi) southwest of El Hamma[34] 5./JG 77 67 7 April 1943 09:10 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Skhira[34] 5./JG 77
62 31 March 1943 18:49 P-40 9 km (5.6 mi) southeast of El Guettar[34] 5./JG 77 68 20 April 1943 17:15 P-51 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Mateur[34] 5./JG 77
63 1 April 1943 10:42 Spitfire 62 km (39 mi) northwest of La Fauconnerie[34] 5./JG 77 69 21 April 1943 09:28 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Tunis[35] 5./JG 77
64 2 April 1943 19:12 Boston 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Gafsa[34] 5./JG 77 70 21 April 1943 12:58 P-40 40 km (25 mi) east of Tunis[35] 5./JG 77
65 4 April 1943 17:17 Spitfire 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Meknassy[34] 5./JG 77 71 25 April 1943 13:05 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Majaz al Bab[35] 5./JG 77
66 6 April 1943 15:28 Spitfire 60 km (37 mi) southwest of La Fauconnerie[34] 5./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 on the Western Front –[25]
Mediterranean Theater, Italy — May/June 1944
72 31 May 1944 17:09 Spitfire PQ 14 Ost S/2372, Tuscania[36] 1./JG 77 74 9 June 1944 09:23 P-51 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Udine[36] 2./JG 77
73 31 May 1944 17:12 Spitfire PQ 14 Ost S/2375[36] 1./JG 77
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 53 on the Western Front –[25]
Defense of the Reich — August – 12 December 1944
75 26 August 1944 15:07 P-47 PQ 05 Ost TC-4/2[37]
Rouen 		6./JG 53 79 25 November 1944 12:42 P-51 PQ 04 Ost N/AQ-6/3[38]
Haguenau 		6./JG 53
76 2 October 1944 15:07?[Note 4] P-51 PQ 04 Ost N/BN-9[37]
north of Vézelise/Nancy 		6./JG 53 80 1 December 1944 16:00 P-51 PQ 04 Ost N/AR-5, southwest of Rastatt[38] 6./JG 53
77 6 October 1944 16:53 P-47 PQ 04 Ost N/FN-5/1[38]
Thionville 		6./JG 53 81 12 December 1944 14:02 P-47 PQ 05 Ost UR-4[38]
Linkenheim 		6./JG 53
78 20 October 1944 10:50 P-47 PQ 04 Ost N/CP[38]
southwest of Strasbourg 		6./JG 53

Awards edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:05.[25]
  3. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[25]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:39.[25]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 271.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 180.
  4. ^ Shores & Massimello 2016, p. 411.
  5. ^ Shores & Massimello 2016, p. 438.
  6. ^ Meimberg 2002, p. 280.
  7. ^ Weal 2007a, p. 108.
  8. ^ ManrhoPütz2010, pp. 371–372.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 397.
  10. ^ Meimberg 2002, p. 296.
  11. ^ Weal 2007b, p. 75.
  12. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1615.
  13. ^ Spick 1996, p. 236.
  14. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 978–979.
  15. ^ Planquadrat.
  16. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 978.
  17. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 331.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 300.
  19. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 301.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 300.
  21. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 301.
  22. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 303.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2006, p. 309.
  24. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 305.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 979.
  26. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 306.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 310.
  28. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 311.
  29. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 307.
  30. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 312.
  31. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 313.
  32. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 308.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2006, p. 314.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2011, p. 457.
  35. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2011, p. 458.
  36. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2021, p. 320.
  37. ^ a b Prien et al. 2019, p. 386.
  38. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2019, p. 387.
  39. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 164.
  40. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 358.
  41. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 344.
  42. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 603.

Bibliography edit

  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Manrho, John; Pütz, Ron (2010). Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0686-5.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
  • Meimberg, Julius (2002). Braatz, Kurt [in German] (ed.). Feindberührung: Erinnerungen 1939–1945 [Enemy Contact: Memories 1939–1945] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-1-3.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Trophy for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen (1995). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 4—1944–1945 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 4—1944–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-29-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part VI/2—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-00-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Balke, Ulf; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2019). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-21-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried; Balke, Ulf (2021). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 14—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 15.9.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 14—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 15 September 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-24-6.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni (2016). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945. Volume Three: Tunisia and the End in Africa, November 1942–1943. London, UK: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910690-67-3.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2007a). Jagdgeschwader 53 "Pik-As". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 25. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-204-2.
  • Weal, John (2007b). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Preinfalk&oldid=1206873862"