29th United States Congress

29th United States Congress
United States Capitol (1846)
Duration: March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1847
Senate President:	George M. Dallas
Senate Pres. pro tem:	Willie P. Mangum Ambrose H. Sevier David R. Atchison
House Speaker:	John W. Davis
Members:	58 Senators 228 Representatives 2 Non-voting members
Senate Majority:	Democratic
House Majority:	Democratic
Sessions
1st: December 1, 1845 – August 10, 1846 2nd: December 7, 1846 – March 3, 1847
<28th 30th>

The Twenty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1847, during the first two years of the administration of James Polk's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.

Major events

Main articles: 1845 in the United States, 1846 in the United States, and 1847 in the United States

• March 4, 1845: James K. Polk became President of the United States
• October 10, 1845: The Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opened in Annapolis, Maryland
• December 2, 1845: President Polk announced to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
• April 25, 1846: Open conflict over border disputes of Texas's boundaries began the Mexican-American War

Major legislation

Main article: Major legislation: 29th United States Congress

• May 13, 1846: Mexican-American War declared, ch. 16, 9 Stat. 9
• July 9, 1846: District of Columbia retrocession, ch. 35, 9 Stat. 35
• July 30, 1846: Walker tariff, ch. 74, 9 Stat. 42

Treaties

• June 15, 1846: Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca
• January 13, 1847: Treaty of Cahuenga ended the fighting in the Mexican-American War in California (not a formal treaty between nations but an informal agreement between rival military forces)

States admitted

• December 29, 1845: Texas admitted as the 28th state
• December 28, 1846: Iowa admitted as the 29th state

Party summary

Senate

During this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Texas and Iowa.

	Party (Shading shows control)				Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Liberty (L)	Whig (W)	Other
End of the previous congress	23	0	27	1	51	3
Begin	26	0	24	0	50	4
End	31	1			56	2
Final voting share	55.4%	1.8%	42.9%	0.0%
Beginning of the next congress	34	0	20	1	55	3

House of Representatives

During this congress, two House seats were added for each of the new states of Texas and Iowa.

	Party (Shading shows control)				Total	Vacant
	American (A)	Democratic (D)	Whig (W)	Other
End of the previous congress	0	141	78	4	223	1
Begin	6	138	79	0	223	2
End		143	78		227
Final voting share	2.6%	63.0%	34.4%	0.0%
Beginning of the next congress	1	107	116	3	227	1

Leadership

President of the Senate
George M. Dallas

President pro tempore
Ambrose H. Sevier

President pro tempore
David R. Atchison

Senate

• President: George M. Dallas (D)
• President pro tempore: Willie P. Mangum (W)
  • Ambrose Hundley Sevier (D), elected December 27, 1845
  • David R. Atchison (D), elected August 8, 1846

House of Representatives

• Speaker: John W. Davis (D)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1850; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1846; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1848.

See also: United States Senate elections, 1844

Alabama

• 3. Arthur P. Bagby (D)
• 2. Dixon H. Lewis (D)

Arkansas

• 3. Ambrose H. Sevier (D)
• 2. Chester Ashley (D)

Connecticut

• 1. Jabez W. Huntington (W)
• 3. John M. Niles (D)

Delaware

• 2. Thomas Clayton (W)
• 1. John M. Clayton (W)

Florida

• 1. David Levy Yulee (D), from July 1, 1845
• 3. James Westcott (D), from July 1, 1845

Georgia

• 2. John MacPherson Berrien (W)
• 3. Walter T. Colquitt (D)

Illinois

• 3. Sidney Breese (D)
• 2. James Semple (D)

Indiana

• 3. Edward A. Hannegan (D)
• 1. Jesse D. Bright (D)

Iowa

• 2. Vacant after being admitted to the Union December 28, 1846
• 3. Vacant after being admitted to the Union December 28, 1846

Kentucky

• 2. James T. Morehead (W)
• 3. John J. Crittenden (W)

Louisiana

• 2. Alexander Barrow (W), until December 29, 1846
  • Pierre Soulé (D), from January 21, 1847
• 3. Henry Johnson (W)

Maine

• 2. George Evans (W)
• 1. John Fairfield (D)

Maryland

• 3. James Pearce (W)
• 1. Reverdy Johnson (W)

Massachusetts

• 2. Isaac C. Bates (W), until March 16, 1845
  • John Davis (W), from March 24, 1845
• 1. Daniel Webster (W)

Michigan

• 2. William Woodbridge (W)
• 1. Lewis Cass (D)

Mississippi

• 2. Robert J. Walker (D), until March 5, 1845
  • Joseph W. Chalmers (D), from November 3, 1845
• 1. Jesse Speight (D)

Missouri

• 1. Thomas H. Benton (D)
• 3. David R. Atchison (D)

New Hampshire

• 2. Levi Woodbury (D), until November 20, 1845
  • Benning W. Jenness (D), from December 1, 1845 until June 13, 1846
  • Joseph Cilley (L), from June 13, 1846
• 3. Charles G. Atherton (D)

New Jersey

• 2. Jacob W. Miller (W)
• 1. William L. Dayton (W)

New York

• 1. Daniel S. Dickinson (D)
• 3. John A. Dix (D)

North Carolina

• 2. Willie P. Mangum (W)
• 3. William H. Haywood, Jr. (D), until July 25, 1846
  • George E. Badger (W), from November 26, 1846

Ohio

• 3. William Allen (D)
• 1. Thomas Corwin (W)

Pennsylvania

• 3. James Buchanan (D), until March 5, 1845
  • Simon Cameron (D), from March 13, 1845
• 1. Daniel Sturgeon (D)

Rhode Island

• 2. James F. Simmons (W)
• 1. Albert C. Greene (W)

South Carolina

• 3. George McDuffie (D), until August 17, 1846
  • Andrew Butler (D), from December 4, 1846
• 2. John C. Calhoun (D), from November 26, 1845

Tennessee

• 2. Spencer Jarnagin (W)
• 1. Hopkins L. Turney (D)

Texas

• 2. Samuel Houston (D), from February 21, 1846
• 1. Thomas J. Rusk (D), from February 21, 1846

Vermont

• 1. Samuel S. Phelps (W)
• 3. William Upham (W)

Virginia

• 2. William S. Archer (W)
• 1. Isaac S. Pennybacker (D), from December 3, 1845 until January 12, 1847
  • James M. Mason (D), from January 21, 1847

House of Representatives

Speaker John W: Davis

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

See also: United States House of Representatives elections, 1844

Alabama

• 1. Edmund S. Dargan (D)
• 2. Henry W. Hilliard (W)
• 3. William L. Yancey (D), until September 1, 1846
  • James L. Cottrell (D), from December 7, 1846
• 4. William W. Payne (D)
• 5. George S. Houston (D)
• 6. Reuben Chapman (D)
• 7. Felix G. McConnell (D), until September 10, 1846
  • Franklin W. Bowdon (D), from December 7, 1846

Arkansas

• At-large. Archibald Yell (D), until July 1, 1846
  • Thomas W. Newton (W), from February 6, 1847

Connecticut

• 1. James Dixon (W)
• 2. Samuel D. Hubbard (W)
• 3. John A. Rockwell (W)
• 4. Truman Smith (W)

Delaware

• At-large. John W. Houston (W)

Florida

• At-large. Edward C. Cabell (W), from October 6, 1845 until January 24, 1846
  • William H. Brockenbrough (D), from January 24, 1846

Georgia

• 1. Thomas B. King (W)
• 2. Seaborn Jones (D)
• 3. George W. B. Towns (D), from January 5, 1846
• 4. Hugh A. Haralson (D)
• 5. John H. Lumpkin (D)
• 6. Howell Cobb (D)
• 7. Alexander H. Stephens (W)
• 8. Robert A. Toombs (W)

Illinois

• 1. Robert Smith (D)
• 2. John A. McClernand (D)
• 3. Orlando B. Ficklin (D)
• 4. John Wentworth (D)
• 5. Stephen A. Douglas (D), until March 3, 1847
• 6. Joseph P. Hoge (D)
• 7. Edward D. Baker (W), until January 15, 1847
  • John Henry (W), from February 5, 1847

Indiana

• 1. Robert D. Owen (D)
• 2. Thomas J. Henley (D)
• 3. Thomas Smith (D)
• 4. Caleb B. Smith (W)
• 5. William W. Wick (D)
• 6. John W. Davis (D)
• 7. Edward W. McGaughey (W)
• 8. John Pettit (D)
• 9. Charles W. Cathcart (D)
• 10. Andrew Kennedy (D)

Iowa

• At-large. S. Clifton Hastings (D), from December 28, 1846
• At-large. Shepherd Leffler (D), from December 28, 1846

Kentucky

• 1. Linn Boyd (D)
• 2. John H. McHenry (W)
• 3. Henry Grider (W)
• 4. Joshua F. Bell (W)
• 5. Bryan R. Young (W)
• 6. John P. Martin (D)
• 7. William P. Thomasson (W)
• 8. Garrett Davis (W)
• 9. Andrew A. Trumbo (W)
• 10. John W. Tibbatts (D)

Louisiana

• 1. John Slidell (D), until November 10, 1845
  • Emile La Sére (D), from January 29, 1846
• 2. Bannon G. Thibodeaux (W)
• 3. John H. Harmanson (D)
• 4. Isaac E. Morse (D)

Maine

• 1. John F. Scamman (D)
• 2. Robert P. Dunlap (D)
• 3. Luther Severance (W)
• 4. John D. McCrate (D)
• 5. Cullen Sawtelle (D)
• 6. Hannibal Hamlin (D)
• 7. Hezekiah Williams (D)

Maryland

• 1. John G. Chapman (W)
• 2. Thomas J. Perry (D)
• 3. Thomas W. Ligon (D)
• 4. William F. Giles (D)
• 5. Albert Constable (D)
• 6. Edward H. C. Long (W)

Massachusetts

• 1. Robert C. Winthrop (W)
• 2. Daniel P. King (W)
• 3. Amos Abbott (W)
• 4. Benjamin Thompson (W)
• 5. Charles Hudson (W)
• 6. George Ashmun (W)
• 7. Julius Rockwell (W)
• 8. John Quincy Adams (W)
• 9. Artemas Hale (W)
• 10. Joseph Grinnell (W)

Michigan

• 1. Robert McClelland (D)
• 2. John S. Chipman (D)
• 3. James B. Hunt (D)

Mississippi

• At-large. Stephen Adams (D)
• At-large. Jefferson Davis (D), until June ????, 1846
  • Henry T. Ellett (D), from January 26, 1847
• At-large. Robert W. Roberts (D)
• At-large. Jacob Thompson (D)

Missouri

• At-large. James B. Bowlin (D)
• At-large. John S. Phelps (D)
• At-large. Sterling Price (D), until August 12, 1846
  • William McDaniel (D), from December 7, 1846
• At-large. James H. Relfe (D)
• At-large. Leonard H. Sims (D)

New Hampshire

• At-large. James H. Johnson (D)
• At-large. Mace Moulton (D)
• At-large. Moses Norris, Jr. (D)
• At-large. Vacant

New Jersey

• 1. James G. Hampton (W)
• 2. Samuel G. Wright (W), until July 30, 1845
  • George Sykes (D), from November 4, 1845
• 3. John Runk (W)
• 4. Joseph E. Edsall (D)
• 5. William Wright (W)

New York

• 1. John W. Lawrence (D)
• 2. Henry J. Seaman (A)
• 3. William S. Miller (A)
• 4. William B. Maclay (D)
• 5. Thomas M. Woodruff (A)
• 6. William W. Campbell (A)
• 7. Joseph H. Anderson (D)
• 8. William W. Woodworth (D)
• 9. Archibald C. Niven (D)
• 10. Samuel Gordon (D)
• 11. John F. Collin (D)
• 12. Richard P. Herrick (W), until June 20, 1846
  • Thomas C. Ripley (W), from December 17, 1846
• 13. Bradford R. Wood (D)
• 14. Erastus D. Culver (W)
• 15. Joseph Russell (D)
• 16. Hugh White (W)
• 17. Charles S. Benton (D)
• 18. Preston King (D)
• 19. Orville Hungerford (D)
• 20. Timothy Jenkins (D)
• 21. Charles Goodyear (D)
• 22. Stephen Strong (D)
• 23. William J. Hough (D)
• 24. Horace Wheaton (D)
• 25. George O. Rathbun (D)
• 26. Samuel S. Ellsworth (D)
• 27. John De Mott (D)
• 28. Elias B. Holmes (W)
• 29. Charles H. Carroll (W)
• 30. Martin Grover (D)
• 31. Abner Lewis (W)
• 32. William A. Moseley (W)
• 33. Albert Smith (W)
• 34. Washington Hunt (W)

North Carolina

• 1. James Graham (W)
• 2. Daniel M. Barringer (W)
• 3. David S. Reid (D)
• 4. Alfred Dockery (W)
• 5. James C. Dobbin (D)
• 6. James I. McKay (D)
• 7. John R. J. Daniel (D)
• 8. Henry S. Clark (D)
• 9. Asa Biggs (D)

Ohio

• 1. James J. Faran (D)
• 2. Francis A. Cunningham (D)
• 3. Robert C. Schenck (W)
• 4. Joseph Vance (W)
• 5. William Sawyer (D)
• 6. Henry St. John (D)
• 7. Joseph J. McDowell (D)
• 8. Allen G. Thurman (D)
• 9. Augustus L. Perrill (D)
• 10. Columbus Delano (W)
• 11. Jacob Brinkerhoff (D)
• 12. Samuel F. Vinton (W)
• 13. Isaac Parrish (D)
• 14. Alexander Harper (W)
• 15. Joseph Morris (D)
• 16. John D. Cummins (D)
• 17. George Fries (D)
• 18. David A. Starkweather (D)
• 19. Daniel R. Tilden (W)
• 20. Joshua R. Giddings (W)
• 21. Joseph M. Root (W)

Pennsylvania

• 1. Lewis C. Levin (A)
• 2. Joseph R. Ingersoll (W)
• 3. John H. Campbell (A)
• 4. Charles J. Ingersoll (D)
• 5. Jacob S. Yost (D)
• 6. Jacob Erdman (D)
• 7. Abraham R. McIlvaine (W)
• 8. John Strohm (W)
• 9. John Ritter (D)
• 10. Richard Brodhead (D)
• 11. Owen D. Leib (D)
• 12. David Wilmot (D)
• 13. James Pollock (W)
• 14. Alexander Ramsey (W)
• 15. Moses McClean (D)
• 16. James Black (D)
• 17. John Blanchard (W)
• 18. Andrew Stewart (W)
• 19. Henry D. Foster (D)
• 20. John H. Ewing (W)
• 21. Cornelius Darragh (W)
• 22. William S. Garvin (D)
• 23. James Thompson (D)
• 24. Joseph Buffington (W)

Rhode Island

• 1. Henry Y. Cranston (W)
• 2. Lemuel H. Arnold (W)

South Carolina

• 1. James A. Black (D)
• 2. Richard F. Simpson (D)
• 3. Joseph A. Woodward (D)
• 4. Alexander D. Sims (D)
• 5. Armistead Burt (D)
• 6. Isaac E. Holmes (D)
• 7. R. Barnwell Rhett (D)

Tennessee

• 1. Andrew Johnson (D)
• 2. William M. Cocke (W)
• 3. John H. Crozier (W)
• 4. Alvan Cullom (D)
• 5. George W. Jones (D)
• 6. Barclay Martin (D)
• 7. Meredith P. Gentry (W)
• 8. Joseph H. Peyton (W), until November 11, 1845
  • Edwin H. Ewing (W), from ????
• 9. Lucien B. Chase (D)
• 10. Frederick P. Stanton (D)
• 11. Milton Brown (W)

Texas

• 1. David S. Kaufman (D), from March 30, 1846
• 2. Timothy Pilsbury (D), from March 30, 1846

Vermont

• 1. Solomon Foot (W)
• 2. Jacob Collamer (W)
• 3. George P. Marsh (W)
• 4. Paul Dillingham, Jr. (D)

Virginia

• 1. Archibald Atkinson (D)
• 2. George C. Dromgoole (D)
• 3. William M. Tredway (D)
• 4. Edmund W. Hubard (D)
• 5. Shelton F. Leake (D)
• 6. James A. Seddon (D)
• 7. Thomas H. Bayly (D)
• 8. Robert M. T. Hunter (D)
• 9. John S. Pendleton (W)
• 10. Henry Bedinger (D)
• 11. William Taylor (D), until January 17, 1846
  • James McDowell (D), from March 6, 1846
• 12. Augustus A. Chapman (D)
• 13. George W. Hopkins (D)
• 14. Joseph Johnson (D)
• 15. William G. Brown, Sr. (D)

Non-voting members

• Iowa Territory. Augustus C. Dodge (D), until December 28, 1846
• Wisconsin Territory. Morgan L. Martin (D)

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 8
  • Democrats (D): no net change
  • Whigs (W): no net change
• deaths: 3
• resignations: 6
• interim appointments: 1
• seats of newly admitted states: 4
• Total seats with changes: 14

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate

State (class)	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
Florida (1)	Vacant	Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress	David L. Yulee (D)	Elected July 1, 1845
Florida (3)	Vacant	Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress	James Westcott (D)	Elected July 1, 1845
South Carolina (3)	Vacant	Senator Daniel E. Huger resigned in previous congress	John C. Calhoun (D)	Elected November 26, 1845
Virginia (1)	Vacant	Failure to elect	Isaac S. Pennybacker (D)	Elected December 3, 1845
Mississippi (2)	Robert J. Walker (D)	Resigned March 5, 1845 after being appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury	Joseph W. Chalmers (D)	Elected November 3, 1845
Pennsylvania (3)	James Buchanan (D)	Resigned March 5, 1845 after being appointed United States Secretary of State	Simon Cameron (D)	Elected March 13, 1845
Massachusetts (2)	Isaac C. Bates (W)	Died March 16, 1845	John Davis (W)	Elected March 24, 1845
New Hampshire (2)	Levi Woodbury (D)	Resigned November 20, 1845 after being appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States	Benning W. Jenness (D)	Appointed December 1, 1845
Texas (1)	Texas admitted to the Union December 29, 1845 and remained vacant until February 21, 1846		Thomas J. Rusk (D)	Elected February 21, 1846
Texas (2)	Texas admitted to the Union December 29, 1845 and remained vacant until February 21, 1846		Sam Houston (D)	Elected February 21, 1846
New Hampshire (2)	Benning W. Jenness (D)	Resigned June 13, 1846 after successor elected	Joseph Cilley (D)	Elected June 13, 1846
North Carolina (3)	William H. Haywood, Jr. (D)	Resigned July 25, 1846 after having refused to be instructed by the North Carolina state legislature on a tariff question	George E. Badger (W)	Elected November 25, 1846
South Carolina (3)	George McDuffie (D)	Resigned August 17, 1846	Andrew Butler (D)	Elected December 4, 1846
Iowa (2)	Iowa admitted to the Union December 28, 1846		Vacant	Not filled this term
Iowa (3)	Iowa admitted to the Union December 28, 1846		Vacant	Not filled this term
Louisiana (2)	Alexander Barrow (W)	Died December 29, 1846	Pierre Soulé (D)	Elected January 21, 1847
Virginia (1)	Isaac S. Pennybacker (D)	Died January 12, 1847	James M. Mason (D)	Elected January 21, 1847

House of Representatives

• replacements: 12
  • Democrats (D): 1 seat net gain
  • Whigs (W): 1 seat net loss
• deaths: 5
• resignations: 6
• contested election: 1
• seats of newly admitted states: 4
• Total seats with changes: 17

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

District	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date successor seated
Florida At-large	Vacant	Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress	Edward C. Cabell (W)	Seated October 6, 1845
Georgia 3rd	Vacant	Rep-elect Washington Poe declined the seat	George W. Towns (D)	Seated January 5, 1846
Texas 1st	Texas admitted into the Union December 29, 1845 and seat remained vacant until March 30, 1846		David S. Kaufman (D)	Seated March 30, 1846
Texas 2nd	Texas admitted into the Union December 29, 1845 and seat remained vacant until March 30, 1846		Timothy Pilsbury (D)	Seated March 30, 1846
New Jersey 2nd	Samuel G. Wright (W)	Died July 30, 1845	George Sykes (D)	Seated November 4, 1845
Louisiana 1st	John Slidell (D)	Resigned November 10, 1845 afer being appointed Minister to Mexico, but government refused to accept him	Emile La Sére (D)	Seated January 29, 1846
Tennessee 8th	Joseph H. Peyton (W)	Died November 11, 1845	Edwin H. Ewing (W)	Seated ??????
Virginia 11th	William Taylor (D)	Died January 17, 1846	James McDowell (D)	Seated March 6, 1846
Florida At-large	Edward C. Cabell (W)	Lost contested election January 24, 1846	William H. Brockenbrough (D)	Seated January 24, 1846
Mississippi At-large	Jefferson Davis (D)	Resigned some time in June, 1846 in order to take part in the Mexican War	Henry T. Ellett (D)	Seated January 26, 1847
New York 12th	Richard P. Herrick (W)	Died June 20, 1846	Thomas C. Ripley (W)	Seated December 17, 1846
Arkansas At-large	Archibald Yell (D)	Resigned July 1, 1846 in order to take part in the Mexican War	Thomas W. Newton (W)	Seated February 6, 1847
Missouri At-large	Sterling Price (D)	Resigned August 12, 1846 in order to take part in the Mexican War	William McDaniel (D)	Seated December 7, 1846
Alabama 3rd	William L. Yancey (D)	Resigned September 1, 1846	James L. Cottrell (D)	Seated December 7, 1846
Alabama 7th	Felix G. McConnell (D)	Died September 10, 1846	Franklin W. Bowdon (D)	Seated December 7, 1846
Iowa Territory At-large	Augustus C. Dodge (D)	Territory was dissolved after Iowa was admitted to the Union December 28, 1846
Iowa At-large	Iowa admitted into the Union December 28, 1846		S. Clinton Hastings (D)	Seated December 28, 1846
Iowa At-large	Iowa admitted into the Union December 28, 1846		Shepherd Leffler (D)	Seated December 28, 1846
Illinois 7th	Edward D. Baker (W)	Resigned January 15, 1847 in order to take part in the Mexican War	John Henry (W)	Seated February 5, 1847
Illinois 5th	Stephen A. Douglas (D)	Resigned March 3, 1847 at close of congress after being elected to the US Senate	Vacant	Not filled this term

Employees

Senate

• Chaplain:
  • Septimus Tustin (Presbyterian)
  • Henry Slicer (Methodist), elected December 16, 1846
• Secretary: Asbury Dickens
• Sergeant at Arms:
  • Edward Dyer, died September 8, 1845
  • Robert Beale, elected December 9, 1845

House of Representatives

• Chaplain:
  • William H. Milburn (Methodist)
  • William T.S. Sprole (Presbyterian), elected December 7, 1846
• Clerk: Benjamin B. French
• Doorkeeper: Cornelius C. Whitney
• Postmaster: John M. Johnson
• Sergeant at Arms: Newton Lane

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists