2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid

2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid
Names
	IUPAC name 2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid
	Preferred IUPAC name Pyridine-2,6-bis(carbothioic S-acid)
	Other names PDTC, dithiopyridinedicarbothioic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	69945-42-2 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChemSpider	8389947 ;
PubChem CID	10214455;
UNII	KJ7K75Z4JS ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID90436773 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H5NO2S2/c9-6(11)4-2-1-3-5(8-4)7(10)12/h1-3H,(H,9,11)(H,10,12) Key: SSRIAMRLMUFTNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES C1=CC(=NC(=C1)C(=O)S)C(=O)S; O=C(S)c1nc(C(=O)S)ccc1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C7H5O2S2
Molar mass	185.24 g·mol−1
Appearance	White crystalline solid
Density	1.415 g/cm3
Melting point	97 to 99 °C (207 to 210 °F; 370 to 372 K)
Boiling point	404.4 °C (759.9 °F; 677.5 K)
Solubility in water	1000 g/L (5.02 mol/L)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	acidic
Flash point	198.4 °C (389.1 °F; 471.5 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid (PDTC) is an organosulfur compound that is produced by some bacteria. It functions as a , a low molecular weight compound that scavenges iron. Siderophores solubilize compounds by forming strong complexes. PDTC is secreted by the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida.^[1]

Synthesis and biosynthesis edit

PDTC can be synthesized in the laboratory by treating the diacid dichloride of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic with H₂S in pyridine:

NC₅H₃(COCl)₂ + 2 H₂S + 2 C₅H₅N → [C₅H₅NH⁺][HNC₅H₃(COS)−2] + [C₅H₅NH]Cl

This route produces the pyridinium salt of pyridinium-2,6-dicarbothioate. Treatment of this orange-colored salt with sulfuric acid gives colorless PDTC, which can then be extracted with dichloromethane.^[2]

The biosynthesis of PDTC remains unclear although some insights can be deduced from the genetics.^[3] It is suggested that Pseudomonas stutzeri may have acquired at least one of the genes by lateral transfer from mycobacteria.^[4] In a proposed biosynthetic sequence pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, a known bacterial metabolite,^[4] is activated as its bis-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) derivative. The sulfur donor and its activation remain uncertain.^[5]

Coordination chemistry edit

Structure of Fe(III) complex with two 2,6-pyridinedicarbothioate ligands.^[6] Color code: yellow = S, blue = N and Fe, gray = C, red = O.

PDTC binds to both Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺. The ferric complex is brown, whereas the ferrous complex is blue. In the presence of air, the ferrous complex oxidizes to the ferric compound.^[7] It is iron selective^[4] as only the Fe complex is soluble in water. PDTC is produced mainly during the exponential phase of bacterial growth. The conditions at which Pseudomonas produces PDTC is 25 °C, pH=8 and sufficient aeration.^[5]

References edit

^ Budzikiewicz, Herbert (2010). "Microbial Siderophores". In Kinghorn, A. Douglas; Falk, Heinz; Kobayashi, Junichi (eds.). Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 92 [Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products]. Vol. 92. pp. 1–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99661-4_1. ISBN 978-3-211-99660-7. PMID 20198464.
^ Hildebrand, U.; Ockels, W.; Lex, J.; Budzikiewicz, H. (1983). "Zur Struktur Eines 1:1-Adduktes von Pyridin-2,6-Dicarbothiosäure und Pyridin". Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements. 16 (3): 361–364. doi:10.1080/03086648308080490.
^ Cortese, Marc S; Caplan, Allan B; Crawford, Ronald L (2002). "Structural, functional, and evolutionary analysis of moeZ, a gene encoding an enzyme required for the synthesis of the Pseudomonas metabolite, pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-8. PMC 115864. PMID 11972321.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cortese, Marc S.; Paszczynski, Andrzej; Lewis, Thomas A.; Sebat, Jonathan L.; Borek, Vladimir; Crawford, Ronald L. (2002). "Metal chelating properties of pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid) produced by Pseudomonas spp. And the biological activities of the formed complexes". BioMetals. 15 (2): 103–120. doi:10.1023/A:1015241925322. PMID 12046919. S2CID 5545637.
^ ^a ^b Budzikiewicz, H. (2003). "Heteroaromatic monothiocarboxylic acids from Pseudomonas spp". Biodegradation. 14 (2): 65–72. doi:10.1023/A:1024012015127. PMID 12877462. S2CID 29898226.
^ Hildebrand, U.; Lex, J.; Taraz, K.; Winkler, S.; Ockels, W.; Budzikiewicz, H. (1984). "Untersuchungen zum Redox-System Bis-(pyridin-2,6-dicarbothioato)-Ferrat(II) /-Ferrat(III) [1]". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 39 (11): 1607–1613. doi:10.1515/znb-1984-1123. S2CID 94908888.
^ Ockels, W., Roemer, A., Budzikiewicz, H., Korth, H., Pulverer, G., "Bacterial constituents. II. An iron(II) complex of pyridine-2,6-di-(monothiocarboxylic acid) - a novel bacterial metabolic product", Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 3341. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)85634-3

[1] Budzikiewicz, Herbert (2010). "Microbial Siderophores". In Kinghorn, A. Douglas; Falk, Heinz; Kobayashi, Junichi (eds.). Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 92 [Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products]. Vol. 92. pp. 1–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99661-4_1. ISBN 978-3-211-99660-7. PMID 20198464.

[2] Hildebrand, U.; Ockels, W.; Lex, J.; Budzikiewicz, H. (1983). "Zur Struktur Eines 1:1-Adduktes von Pyridin-2,6-Dicarbothiosäure und Pyridin". Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements. 16 (3): 361–364. doi:10.1080/03086648308080490.

[3] Cortese, Marc S; Caplan, Allan B; Crawford, Ronald L (2002). "Structural, functional, and evolutionary analysis of moeZ, a gene encoding an enzyme required for the synthesis of the Pseudomonas metabolite, pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-8. PMC 115864. PMID 11972321.

[cortese-4] Cortese, Marc S.; Paszczynski, Andrzej; Lewis, Thomas A.; Sebat, Jonathan L.; Borek, Vladimir; Crawford, Ronald L. (2002). "Metal chelating properties of pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid) produced by Pseudomonas spp. And the biological activities of the formed complexes". BioMetals. 15 (2): 103–120. doi:10.1023/A:1015241925322. PMID 12046919. S2CID 5545637.

[budzi-5] Budzikiewicz, H. (2003). "Heteroaromatic monothiocarboxylic acids from Pseudomonas spp". Biodegradation. 14 (2): 65–72. doi:10.1023/A:1024012015127. PMID 12877462. S2CID 29898226.

[6] Hildebrand, U.; Lex, J.; Taraz, K.; Winkler, S.; Ockels, W.; Budzikiewicz, H. (1984). "Untersuchungen zum Redox-System Bis-(pyridin-2,6-dicarbothioato)-Ferrat(II) /-Ferrat(III) [1]". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 39 (11): 1607–1613. doi:10.1515/znb-1984-1123. S2CID 94908888.

[7] Ockels, W., Roemer, A., Budzikiewicz, H., Korth, H., Pulverer, G., "Bacterial constituents. II. An iron(II) complex of pyridine-2,6-di-(monothiocarboxylic acid) - a novel bacterial metabolic product", Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 3341. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)85634-3

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2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid

Contents

Synthesis and biosynthesis edit

Coordination chemistry edit

See also edit

References edit